October Sky

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October Sky had many ups and downs and change of emotions all throughout the many scenes of the movie. In the beginning Homer and his father didn't see things the same way and arguing made tension between the two worse. By the end Homer realized that he and his father weren't different at all, they were the same.

Conflict perspective is where everybody is competing to achieve their goals and achieve high standards. The part of October Sky that relates to this word is when Homer is convinced that the mine is not for him, so he set a goal for himself. Homer wanted to go into space. Building rockets was just a start.

Symbolic interactionism is people that refer to themselves by what they do, how they act, and what they wear. Quintin is basically a dork in the movie, not one person sat next to him at lunch. In his mind it was set that he was this way and nobody could change it. He was called "weird" more than once in the movie and he knew and accepted that. Homer knew Quintin was very intelligent through the way he dressed and how he acted in class and out of class; this is why he went to Quintin instead of the library for help with his rocket building.

Functionalist perspective is every part in society that must take part and work together to keep everything going. Homer had to make a decision to work in the mine after his father suffered a head wound. He dropped out of school and went to work so his family could have enough money to keep progressing.

Folkways are certain rules about everyday life that people automatically inherit. No matter how much homer's father angered him he always stuck to his norms and said "yes sir" or "no sir." He did what he knew was right in any given situation.

Formal Sanctions are honorable mentions or dishonorable mentions. Either you have done something right or done something wrong you are rewarded accordingly. Homer was told not to mess with rockets many times by his father. One of homers rockets even made its way through the coal mine yard. Not only did his father yell at him, he was also arrested for starting a fire. In the end Homer was proven innocent and his efforts to keep shooting off rockets led him to achieve the national scientific award which also finally caught his father's attention.

Values are your own ideas of what should be right and worthy of respect. When Homers father was in the hospital, Homers brother decided to lose the scholarship he had won in order to work and support his family. He believed this is what should be done in order to gain respect from his family. Although he did not end up working in the mine, Homer wanted him to continue high school and keep his scholarship. Homer then dropped out of school and worked to support the family.

Looking Glass Self is our self identity based on what we think other people see in us. Miss Riley felt she needed to help the "untalented" kids. She helped homer with books and helped to encourage him to win the science fair. Miss Riley saw a rocket scientist in homer and she knew one day he would accomplish his goals and her teaching will have paid off. Homer knew Miss Riley wouldn't give up on him, so he didn't give up on her.

Rites of Passage are certain rituals that show the completion of one stage of life and the beginning of the next or adult stage of life. After working the mine for a few days, homers father returned home. It was brought up that homer could now return to school, but he didn't want to. His father stated "homer is not a boy anymore, he can decide for himself." This showed that homer had moved out of the early stage and was turning into an adult.

Resocialization is ending the past learned values that were appropriate, and take a new look on life and live a new lifestyle. Homers father had planned a life in the mine for Homer. Homer knew that the mine and the town was about to go down and he didn't want to be ordinary like the rest of the town. Homer wanted to be somebody that everyone could see. After fighting with his father the normal values to Homer didn't matter anymore. Homer just wanted his father to understand that his dreams of becoming somebody were real and he wasn't meant for the mine.

Ethnomethodology is the routine that people play on basic trust while socially interacting. Homer and his father never get along until nearly the end of the movie. Homer is always wrong is his fathers eyes, but he simply doesn't want to be a miner like his father. After Homer returned from the national science fair his father asked Homer why he seen his hero and didn't know it. Homer replied "He is a great scientist dad, but he's not my hero" (referring to his father as the real hero).

Moral Entrepreneur is a person or group that makes offenses recognized and any offender recognized. Homer shot off a rocket on company property which stirred up a little conflict and also was suspected of starting a forest fire. He was recognized as the direct cause of both accidents, although he didn't actually start the fire.

Social Stratification is the division of society in layers where there is an unequal access to opportunities and rewards, and unequal life chances. The rocket boys lived in a small town with not many resources basically just a school and a mine town. They were limited on where to do their experiments. They definitely had a hard time trying to work their way into the county science fair. Other counties can have resources like libraries, or open fields close enough to home that could have given other students entering the science fair an unfair advantage.

Peer Groups are groups of people that share similar characteristics. In the movie Homer didn't know what he wanted at first, but he knew he wasn't going to mine coal. Sputnik was his first experience that influenced him to get involved in sending things, like rockets, up. The only person he knew that could tell him about these rockets was Quintin. As Homer and Quintin talked together sharing characteristics their knowledge of rockets and the work of science became like one.

Prejudice is an unfavorable opinion of a group of people that are members of a social group. There weregroups of people that didn't believe in Homers rocket science. Homers father, brother, and the principal of his school. They all prejudge Homer to be a normal high schooler that will soon graduate and work the in the coal mine. Their opinion was wrong. Homer gained the support of allin the end.

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1984'S Propaganda

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The novel 184 gives us a glimpse of a government based on manipulation. The rulers of Oceania use the technology of telescreens to always keep an eye on its citizens. It can detect ones movements as well as facial expressions suspected of thoughtcrime. Knowledge of the past is erased and then replaced to satisfy the Party's liking. Newspeak was the language spoken and the concept of "doublethink" was used in 184. Through George Orwell's representation of telescreens, altering history, and language, Orwell is supporting his theme ofmanipulation through the mind.

The Party utilizes telescreens to control Oceania's citizens and destroy their minds from formulating their own ideas and rebellious thoughts against the Party. In every citizen's room, the huge telescreen blasts the endless flow of propaganda designed to make the Party appear to be flawless as their failures of the Party appear to be victorious accomplishments. "BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU" (Orwell, 1) is everywhere on coins, stamps, and even cigarette packets to constantly remind the people of Oceania that they are being observed.The telescreens are used as surveillance to monitor the citizens.

The Party even controls family structure by teaching the children to become Junior Spies, which brainwashes and encourages them to eavesdrop on their own parents and tattle-tale their thoughtcrimes. Parsons said, "It was my little daughter, she listened at the keyhole. Heard what I was saying, and nipped off to the patrols the very next day..." (08). Even innocent little children worked for the Party to govern the people. The Party eliminated the beauty of sexual intercourse and made the act of sex into a chore just for the purpose of creating new Party members. The Party invents enemies who are responsible for their misfortunes. The citizens build up emotions and anger to hate these made-up enemies, so they unite by having a common enemy just as the Party had planned.

Doublethink is the ability to hold two contradictory ideas in ones mind at the same time. The concept of "doublethink" is very important to the Party's mind control over it's citizens as it is used "to hold simultaneously two opinions which cancel out, knowing them to be contradictory and believing in both of them" (1). The citizens have no choice but to believe all that the Party tells them because their thoughts are no longer autonomous with doublethink, even while possessing information that runs counter to what they are being told. For example, at the Hate Week rally the Party declares it was at war with Eurasia and then it suddenly becomes its ally and Eastasia becomes its enemy. The citizens ignore the fact that the Party speaker changes Eurasia to Eastasia and automatically accept his mistake. He is embarrassed because there are wrong posters for the rally. Also, the people of Oceania follow the Party ministries names as they contradict their functions. The Ministry of Peace wages war, the Ministry of Plenty supervises the economic shortages, the Ministry of Truth conducts propaganda and changes history, and the Ministry of Love is where the torture takes place.

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In 184, Orwell conveys that language is significant in how it expresses the ideas in one's mind. With Newspeak and doublethink as the control of language in Orwell's novel, he makes it unattainable to even muster up thoughts of revolting since such words related to them would be non-existent. Basically, if control of language was used as a political instrument, it would change the structure of language for the people to never think of standing up against the dictatorship. Instead of English, the Party has Newspeak. The Party must always upgrade and modify Newspeak in order to abolish the mind's ability to come up with opinions that may threaten the Party with its impeccable authority.

The Party members use "doublethink" as the most important way to exert domination. The citizens mindfully accept the contradictions that is feed to them from the Party. Additionally they consciously hold back any thought that does not agree with what the Party tells them to believe. Even more so to complete the cycle, they must not remember even using doublethink. They would commit thoughtcrime if they neglected to use doublethink to regulate their thoughts and feelings.

Winston works in the Ministry of Truth where he has a job in the Records Department that deals with controlling reality. The Party has everyone working to control their own fellow citizens. Winston's occupation is to alter the history of the past in favor of the Party. " 'Who controls the past', ran the Party slogan, 'controls the future who controls the present controls the past' " (1)means that the party has power over the destination of history. Most of the history he altered was not true to begin with. He invents a complete new history and fantasizes events which then turn into historical "fact." The Party basically can make new history accounts in tune to what it wants to be the truth and the real past is "thrown out the window" and never heard about again.

The telescreen makes an broadcast when Winston is in the cafeteria that production output is higher than ever. People seem to be praising and displaying their gratefulness to Big Brother. They thank Big Brother for increasing the chocolate ration to twenty grams a week, but Winston knows that earlier, the telescreen announced that the ration was being reduced to twenty grams from thirty. Everyone uses doublethink to understand the news. Winston feels he is the only one to remember the past days.

Winston thinks about how the Party declares that they make everything better. The world the Party describes is

a nation of warriors and fanatics, marching forward in perfect unity, all thinking the same thoughts and shouting the same slogans, perpetually working, fighting, triumphing, persecuting - three hundred million people all with the same face (65).

Yet Winston lives in a crackdown neighborhood where there are shortages of everything such as food. Winston is angered about the truth of his society because he does not know what is real or fake since the past is changed. Winston questions if people are better off with the Party ruling them. Winston is not happy with his lifestyle in his society and wonders if there was another time in the forgotten history when things were better and the people were free.

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West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet

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Romeo & Juliet vs. West Side Story What would Romeo and Juliet be like if Juliet hadnt died? What if Paris killed Romeo, instead of vice versa? What if instead of occurring several centuries ago, it took place on the streets of New York City during the 150s, with a bunch of fresh-faced youths posing as street toughs and dancing and singing their hearts out? Well, just take a look at West Side Story, and you will have your answers. It is impossible for anyone familiar with both texts to not note the obvious major similarities between the two plays. From the opening scenes in both, up through the rumble in West Side Story/death of Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet, the plays mirror each other (Poelstra). It isnt until the last part of West Side Story, where Tony, our modern-day Romeo, dies and Maria, Tonys Juliet, doesnt (unlike the two star-crossed lovers of Shakespeares work), that the major difference between the two works becomes apparent. Granted, instead of tension between feuding families, West Side Story offers prejudice between races, as illustrated between street gangs, the Jets and Sharks. Some of the characters in West Side Story are carbon copies of those in Romeo and Juliet Maria (Juliet), Tony (Romeo), Bernardo (Tybalt), Lt. Schrank (Prince), and Anita (Nurse). Others appear to be a composite of characters, namely Riff, a combination of Benvolio and Mercutio, and Doc, who appears to fulfill the role of Friar Laurence (possessed somewhat of a peacekeeping nature You couldnt play basketball?, he asks, when informed of their upcoming war council [Laurents 57]) yet, at the same time, it is implied in the film version, not the play that he is a pharmacist, and there was, after all, an apothecary in Romeo and Juliet . The tomboyish Anybodys, a Jet wannabe, would best fit into the role of Balthasar (although Docs character fits into this role marginally as well), since it was she who aided Tony in escaping after the rumble, which resulted in the deaths of Riff and Bernardo, as well as later informing the other Jets that Chino, the Paris of the Sharks, had a gun and was hunting down Tony. In the opening act of Romeo and Juliet, Sampson and Gregory, servants of Capulet, harass Balthasar and Abraham, servants to the Montagues. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it, boasts Sampson (I.i.48-50). In the opening scene of West Side Story, several Sharks, the Puerto Rican gang led by Bernardo, harass A-rab (notice the similarity in name to Abraham), a white dude, a Jet, and therefore, an enemy of the immigrants. In no time at all, other Jets, led by Riff, rush to A-rabs side. No words are exchanged between the gangs, since it is, after all, a musical, and they basically just jump around in exaggerated fashion. Nevertheless, the scene, like the opening of Romeo and Juliet, sets the stage for the remainder of the production. It is here where Lt. Schrank and his faithful compatriot, Officer Krupke, happen on the scene to break apart a potential rumble just like Escalus, Prince of Verona, did in Romeo and Juliet If ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace (I.i.10-4). Or, as Schrank would phrase it, I got a hot surprise for you you hoodlums dont own the streets (Laurents 6). Following the altercation between the gangs, it is decided by Riff that the time has come to take care of the Puerto Ricans once and for all, clean em up in one all-out fight! (Laurents 10). Riff will challenge them at the dance at the gym later that night. But, he wants his old pal Tony, who founded the Jets with him, in as his Lieutenant (Laurents 1). So, he goes to fill in Tony, who has made a sincere effort to forsake the gang life by becoming gainfully employed at Docs candy store. This is where another parallel occurs just as Benvolio talks Romeo into attending the ball at the Capulets, Riff talks Tony into attending the dance at the gym. Prior to the dance, a sweet-faced seventeen-year-old gal, fresh up from Puerto Rico, prepares for her first big social event in America. Here, even the exact act and scene (I/iii) are the same as in Romeo and Juliet, where Lady Capulet and the Nurse speak to Juliet of her possible impending marriage to Paris. The dance, where Tony and Maria first meet, is comparable to the Capulets ball, where Romeo and Juliet first encounter one another. At the Capulets' ball, it seems to be Romeo who falls in love at first sight, since he spots her before she eyes him What lady is that, which doth enrich the hand of yonder knight? (I.v.44-5). After exchanging a few words, Juliet becomes smitten with the loquacious youth, yet she doesnt reveal this until the balcony scene. Tony and Maria, on the other hand, notice each other at the very same moment, falling head over heals in love. Shortly thereafter, Bernardo is upon them in an icy rage (Laurents 1), telling Tony to Go home, American. Bernardo then reveals that Maria is his sister. Couldnt you see hes one of them? Bernardo asks Maria (Laurents ). No; I saw only him, she replies. Juliets exclamation at such a revelation was much more poetic My only love sprung from my only hate! Too early seen unknown, and known too late! Prodigious birth of love it is to me, That I must love a loathed enemy. (I.v.140-) Bernardo orders Maria to go home, after which he approaches Tony, who is still intoxicated by the lingering image of his new-found love (Laurents 5). Riff sidelines Bernardo, mentioning the possibility of a rumble. They agree to meet at Docs candy store at midnight for a "war council". Act Two, Scene Two, of Romeo and Juliet, better known as the balcony scene, is reflected in West Side Story in Act One, Scene Five, or the fire escape scene. Romeo refers to Juliet as the sun (II.ii.), calling for her to rise . . . and kill the envious moon (II.ii.4). During the fire escape scene, Tony and Maria sing the song Tonight Tonight, tonight, The world is full of light, With suns and moons all over the place. Tonight, tonight, The world is wild and bright, Going mad, shooting sparks into space. (Laurents 4) This moment exemplifies the Shakespearean impact perhaps better than any other in West Side Story, since even the Bards imagery is swiped for use in song. Not to mention, before parting, both parties agree to meet the following day Romeo and Juliet at the hour of nine (II.ii.16) and Tony and Maria at sundown (Laurents 44). In scene seven of Act One, Tony meets Maria at the bridal shop. Anita catches them together. You will not tell? Maria inquires. Tell what? Anita replies. How can I hear what goes on twelve feet over my head? (Laurents 76); Anita is supportive of their love, as is Juliets nurse, who acts as an intermediary between the young lovers. Following Anitas departure, Tony and Maria go through a mock wedding ceremony, mirroring the real one Romeo and Juliet prepare to undertake, aided by Friar Laurence. Both these instances occur before true tragedy strikes. The beginning of act three in Romeo and Juliet features the death of Mercutio by the hand of Tybalt, who, in turn, is slain by Romeo. Likewise, the rumble under the highway in West Side Story culminates with the deaths of Riff and Bernardo (Laurents 4). In both instances, the young romantic lead tries to talk the others out of harming one another. Tony, at the entreaty of Maria, tries to stop the violent proceedings, only to be taunted by Bernardo. It doesnt take guts if you have a battle. But we havent got one, Nardo, Tony smiles (Laurents 1). The taunting escalates, despite Tonys valiant efforts, and Riff soon hauls off against Bernardo, just as Mercutio had drawn against Tybalt. Both episodes result in deaths Mercutio and Tybalt; Riff and Bernardo. Following the rumble, the similarities between West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet dwindle. One similarity would be the Nurses grief for Tybalt (III.ii.61-6) paralleling that of Anitas for Bernardo (Laurents 17), but most interesting of all would be the manner in which Romeo and Tony learn of the deaths of Juliet and Maria, respectively. In Romeo and Juliet, Balthasar delivers the news to Romeo regarding the death of Juliet Her body sleeps in Capels monument, and her immortal part with angels lives (V.i.18-1). Romeo then approaches the Apothecary . . . let me have a dram of poison, such soon-speeding gear as will disperse itself through all the veins that the life-weary taker may fall dead . . . (V.i.5-6). Doc, likewise, is the provider of poison to Tony, for it is he who delivers the news (falsified by Anita) of Marias death, along with the money Tony and Maria were going to use to flee the city (Laurents 18). That was no customer upstairs, just now, Doc tells him. That was Anita. (Pause) Maria is dead. Chino found out about you and her and shot her. Come, cordial and not poison, go with me to Juliets grave; for there must I use thee, speaks Romeo (V.i.85-6). Tony pursues the same means to an end, only he expresses it in laymans terms Chino? Chino? Come and get me, too, Chino (Laurents 1). While roaming the streets, searching for Chino, Tony spots Maria, alive and well. Just as they are about to embrace, a shot rings out, and Tony falls via Chinos violent hand, Maria catching him as he stumbles (Laurents 141). However, whereas Juliet, upon discovering Romeos death, ends her life by falling upon Romeos dagger (V.iii.16). An anguished Maria doesnt end hers, although she speaks of it with Chinos gun in hand, she asks, How many can I kill, Chino? How many and still have one bullet left for me? (Laurents 14). Whereas Romeo and Juliets love was one intended to last an eternity, attaining a spiritual realm with their deaths, that of Tony and Maria was restricted to the material world, ending with Tonys death and . . . forever lost (Poelstra). Even so, the relationships in both plays reflect the intolerance, misunderstanding, and mistrust that seem to be ever-present in human society. Perhaps this makes the themes of love and fear, that abound in both plays, all the more relevant to our modern, commercialized, technological and, to some extent, still segregated society, and, therefore, a more accessible vehicle for todays audience (Poelstra). West Side Story allows the basic elements of a story four centuries old to be retold in a fairly modern-day setting (after all, street gangs are more prominent now than ever before). A retelling that has garnered its own wide audience appeal over the past four decades, showing that certain tales can stand the test of time more than once, provided the content and context effectively reflects the world within which it occurs. Bibliography Works Cited Laurents, Arthur. West Side Story. (A musical, based on a conception of Jerome Robbins; music by Leonard Bernstein; lyrics by Stephen Sondheim.) NY Random House, 166. Poelstra, James. Romeo and Juliet vs. West Side Story. (17 July 7). Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, Volume I. Ed. W. G. Clark and W. Aldis Wright. NY Nelson Doubleday, Inc., 47-77. Word Count 186

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Discrimination – Sexual Harassment

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DiscriminationSexual Harassment

Sexual Harassment is a well-known term in the workplace.After a number of media-driven cases of sexual harassment and the rise in the number of sexual harassment claims, employers must be cautious regarding this matter.Unfortunately, Sexual Harassment is not a black-and-white issue; there are many shades of gray when determining whether sexual harassment has occurred.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the laws surrounding sexual harassment.

Many people are confused about sexual harassment laws and what constitutes sexual harassment.Some of this confusion is derived from the world outside of the office buildings, oozing a sexually charged environment.Sex and sensuality is everywhere we look, from magazines to billboards to TV and movies.However, talking about issues of a sexual nature is strictly prohibited in the workplace.Most, if not all, employers have adapted a sexual-harassment policy to protect themselves from expensive and lengthy lawsuits.

The problem still remains, however, that most people don't know what can be construed as sexual harassment.Unfortunately, the laws and legislation haven't clearly defined this either.They have, instead, provided guidelines for such cases.Each situation must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine whether sexual harassment has indeed occurred.

Under the law, Sexual Harassment is governed by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, stating that sexual harassment is a form of gender discrimination.For example, if a male supervisor requires sexual favors from a female employee and is not subjecting his male employees to the same requests, it is a form of gender discrimination.However, same sex harassment can also occur and be subject to punishment.An amendment to the Civil Rights Act in 11 states that employees who fall victim to sexual harassment have the right to jury trials and compensatory and punitive damages.

Sexual Harassment has been broken into two categoriesQuid Pro Quo and a Hostile Work Environment.The Quid Pro Quo encompasses situations in which an employee is subject to arequest of sexual favors as a condition of employment or workplace benefits.The Hostile Work Environment form of sexual harassment is one in which "…the harasser creates an offensive or intimidating environment for the harassee" (Bennett et. al. 001).For both cases, the advances or harassment must be unwelcome and non-consensual to constitutes sexual harassment under Title VII.In addition, generally one isolated incident does not constitute harassment (unless extremely serious); several incidents after objections are generally the stronger case for sexual harassment.

The Quid Pro Quo is the more cut-and-dry form of sexual harassment.The harasser can blatantly or indirectly imply that the employee's job or future promotions or benefits are at stake if he/she does not submit to the sexual request.This request does not have to be the act of sex itself, but can be anything sexual or suggestive in nature.In addition, the employee's benefits or job might not be threatened, but instead a reverse Quid Pro Quo can occur in which the harasser promises benefits if the employee submits.Either request is a form of the Quid Pro Quo sexual harassment.

The Hostile Work Environment is harder to decide whether sexual harassment actually occurred.While there are not specific standards, there are guidelines that are used to determine whether an employee's rights are violated.First, the conduct must be unwelcome.In addition, the harassment must also be severe or pervasive in nature and must be based on gender.The severe or pervasive requirement is determined by utilizing the "reasonable person standard" or the "reasonable victim standard".This perspective determines whether a reasonable person or reasonable victim would find the environment and conduct severe or pervasive.

Hostile Work Environment claims do not necessarily have to involve sex or a sexually-charged environment.Other gender-based discrimination can constitute a sexual-harassment claim.For example, anti-woman or pro-man comments can lead to a Hostile work environment.Consistent comments such as "Women belong in the kitchen" or "Men are better suited for this job" can constitute a sexual-harassment claim.

In most cases, employers are liable for sexual harassment within their organization, whether they know it is going on or not.In a case of a supervisor harassing a subordinate, the employer can be held responsible even if they have no knowledge of the behavior.The law views supervisors or managers as a representative of the company; therefore the employer can be forced to pay on sexual-harassment claims.In cases in which a lateral employee harasses his/her peer, the employer can be held liable if they had knowledge and did not remedy the situation.

Generally when deciding cases of sexual harassment, judges or juries take into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the claim.Five factors can be considered when evaluating a case.First is the inherent plausibility of the case, or whether or not it makes sense.Next is the demeanor of the persons involved to determine whether they are being truthful in their statements.The judge or jury, with the assistance of the attorneys during trial, will also determine whether the person has a reason to lie, or a motive to falsify.They will also consider any corroborating evidence, such as witness testimony or physical evidence.Finally, the past record of the accused will come into question to determine a pattern of sexual harassment.All of these factors must be considered to fairly determine whether sexual harassment has occurred.

Even with all of the media covering sexual-harassment cases and the increased awareness of sexual-harassment, there are still a large number of cases reported each year.In 00, 14,6 cases of sexual harassment were reported to the EEOC (www.eeoc.com).This does not take into consideration the number of incidents that go unreported.Sexual Harassment, although confusing to many, must be dealt with immediately by employers to protect themselves.Employers must be proactive in developing and enforcing a sexual harassment policy.These policies will benefit all involved, providing a safer and more relaxed work environment.

Please note that this sample paper on Discrimination – Sexual Harassment is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discrimination – Sexual Harassment, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Discrimination – Sexual Harassment will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Management for accountants

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Why should a non-accountant study accounting?

Businesses need information for evaluating performance, for establishing goals, and for developing plans to meet goals. Managers need timely and detailed information for evaluating performance and implementing plans.They need very timely and detailed information for day-to-day decisions to achieve company goals. The value of information and who exactly uses it will be discussed so that the company can realize that the effectiveness of strategic decision-making is all based on suitable information. In this essay, information will be provided show how studying accounting helps a non-accountant.

Obviously an accountant requires valuable information to construct the report. Valuable information is that which may cause a change in any planned course of action. The valuable information which can be represented on a balance sheet, such as profitability levels, will affect strategic decision-making. So of course, financial reports can help formulate decisions also. The purpose of the balance sheet is simply to set out the financial position of a business at a particular moment in time. So, from this, strategic decisions regarding future performance can be formulated. A financial report will always centre on accounting. This can be defined as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions, by users of the information. If we just put aside the fact that there are these contingent factors that cannot necessarily be represented on a financial report, we can still see that information is vital. Mangers determine whether the decision-making is ideally short or long-term. In the short-term, a manager is looking for a profit and a healthy balance sheet. The strategic vision of stability and growth would come in the longer-term. All companies have these objectives, which prove that management DOES think long-term when formulating plans for future economic developments. However, there is often a separation of departments within a company into the finance, marketing and production. These three departments all have differing corporate objectives, some of which are focused on in the short-term and others in the long-term. For example, the finance department will aim to just survive initially which could be seen as a short-term objective. They would then perhaps target a debt-free balance sheet, which is more long-term. The marketing department in the short-term may well focus on increasing market share, but in the long-term may wish to overtake a competitor. These examples prove that management needs to achieve the short-term before they can even consider the long-term goals. They then have a firm structure on which to base their strategic decisions upon. If a firm just relies upon assessing financial reports to make decisions, what would the management be leaving out?

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Well, according to Emmanuel and Otley (185) a firms ultimate survival is determined by the degree in which it adapts and accommodates itself to environmental contingencies (Accounting in a Business Context, page ). When referring to the environment, this does not necessarily mean the surrounding trees and woodlands per se, but more a focus on the competitive environment within the market being produced. The degree of competition a company faces will severely affect the firms strategic decision-making. If a rival company is selling goods at a lower price because they are producing more efficiently, the chances are the rival company will experience higher demand (this is assumed through use of the demand curve theory that as prices fall, demand rises.) This will affect the other companys sales, therefore cash and very likely, profitability will fall. It could be seen as a disadvantage to be a public limited company in one way, as they are required to publish a financial statement to the public, yearly. Sales, revenue and profitability have to be stated, as well as wage costs and any other business activity. A rival company can then assess their competitors performance and learn from that. In this way, publication of financial reports can adversely affect other firms strategic decision-making. A company that can learn how a rival is performing will be likely to altar their approach in response to what theyve seen. For example, if they can see the rival is producing more efficiently and are spending less on raw materials but producing the same amount of goods, they could alter their production methods and increase their efficiency. This may affect the company who has produced the statement by way of falling demand - unless they, in turn, alter their objectives and strategically change their plans. Competition levels cannot be stated on a financial report, but they can have a large impact on a companys future success or failure. The question of whether accounting fails to represent different resources such as the environment can be answered with a firm yes. There is a suggestion that financial reports are too focused on just the large numbers and not enough on other external influences. There are other contingent factors mentioned in the introduction which are difficult to represent on a financial report, yet are perhaps vital in determining the success of business performance.

The ABC (Activity Based Costing) method can help or influence management decisions. The method of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) was developed primarily for solving problems which emerged from traditional cost management systems. Troubleshooting in the management of companies throughout the late 70's and especially the early 80's held a constant presence. The problems generated were mainly from the traditional cost accounting systems' way of functioning which provided the management with inaccurate data. Where the old cost accounting systems failed badly was in supplying the company's management with inappropriate information in order for crucial decisions to be taken in the correct and true perspective of a given company's true position in its market territory. Since this currently accessible "itemized" information could not be provided to a company's decision making sector, the information provided had an impact which of course distorted the decision which would have otherwise been taken in the light of different and more accurate information. This misinformation had an adverse impact on a multitude of managerial decisions especially in the multi-product firm sector in respect of long-term, mid-term and short-term consequences such as investments in technology, quantity and specification of product production. The accuracy of data on which management decisions are based in order to maximize efficiency and establish one's company identity in a competing market through, besides quality, a selection of sound marketable prices applied in the proper time scale to all of a company's product range, is of paramount importance. In other words activity based costing pin-points problems by focusing on the activities associated with operating the business. If a manager were told that the cutting of cost was first on the list of priorities, he or she would cut headcount, understandably believing that it might possibly be the only largest cost contributor in the entire company. But today people are not the major cost contributors, it is, in fact, the cost of the activities that people are engaged in which contribute more to the firm's costs. Activity based costing allows managers to attribute costs to activities and products much more accurately than conventional accounting methods. This method is more than an accounting tool. These tools give you a view of what you have done financially and are fundamental to shareholding disclosure and the statutory reporting. But it is just as equally important to have the ability to be able to translate this cost information into the language of operational units and the business in which it is to be applied. With activity based costing management is in a position get a strong and comprehensive, internal view of the company products or services to customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing of the company products or services and customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing. Activity based costing identifies the activities that are responsible for costs. It is sometimes call Transaction costing and its major advantage over other methods is that it can greatly enhance the tractability of overhead costs. This can result in more accurate unit cost data for managers, if placed into the correct hands. The optimum accuracy in costing can be attained by recognizing four general levels of activities within a company, each of which can be further subdivided into specific cost activity centres. These four are as follows; Unit level activities. These arise as a result of the total volume of production going through a facility. An example could be the consumption of power as a result of the number if hours required by a machine to complete all units on a production line which could be thought of as a unit-level activity. Some companies recognize one unit-level activity centre but most companies recognize two; one related to machine activity and the second related to labour activity. Batch- level activities are things such as placement of purchase orders, shipments to customers. Costs at batch level are dependent on the number of the batches produced rather than on the number of units made, or sold. The actual cost of, say, placing an order would be the same for one item or 10,000 items, so the total cost generated by a batch-level activity would be the function of the times an order would be placed rather than on the total quantity of items ordered. Product level activity, are specific and are related to the support of the production of a particular product like for instance special test routines, machine maintenance inventories. Facility-level activities are these activities relate to the production as a whole and therefore are usually combined into a single activity centre. The purpose of activity based costing is to help operations do their job by making cost information available at a level that everyone can use for day to day decision making. The biggest obstacle to incorporating activity based costing as a way of life is employee resistance. Unit managers may be afraid that activity based costing is just a way for senior management to discover detailed information about a department or to reveal inefficient practices that had previously been hidden by the traditional accounting system. The corporate culture must be such that new information is not used against a business unit. Instead, all company employees should be encouraged to dig up problems and inefficiencies so that all of those practices can be changed and decisions can be made that will benefit the company as a whole.

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