Economics- Budget Outcomes

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The federal budget outcome can be the result of two componentsthe cyclical component of the budget, which refers to the changes to government revenue and expenditure brought about by changes in the level of economic activity. And the structural component of the budget, that is, the deliberate revenue and expenditure changes initiated by the government (the structural component reveals the governments fiscal policy stance).

The largest focus is upon the fiscal or budget outcome. There are three possible budget outcomes, they are

· A Balanced Budget Planned Economic Revenue = Planned Government Expenditure

· A Surplus Budget Planned Economic RevenuePlanned Government Expenditure

· A Deficit Budget Planned Economic RevenuePlanned Government Expenditure

The government's stance on fiscal policy is strong factor in budget outcomes. There are three possible stances

· An Expansionary Fiscal Policy Stance the aim is to create a smaller deficit or bigger deficit by reducing taxation revenue or increasing government expenditure. The effect would therefore be a rise in economic activity through a stimulation in demand.

· A Concretionary Fiscal Policy Stance the aim would be to create a bigger surplus or smaller deficit by an increase in taxation revenue and a decrease in government expenditure.This would reduce inflation but may run the risk of increasing unemployment.

· A Neutral Fiscal Policy Stance the aim is to generate a balanced budget where government revenue = government expenditure. There should be no effect on the level of aggregate demand and economic activity.

In deciding upon economic policy, the government is influenced by many interest groups that try to influence policy outcomes. These influential groups include

§ Political Parties

§ Interest Groups

§ Environmental Groups

§ Unions

§ Welfare agencies

§ Businesses

§ The Media

§ International Influences, e.g. Forex Market

The 000 budget aims at ensuring that increased tax income will help the budget drift back into surplus from a small deficit this year. The budget features no major policy changes. It includes increased spending on the governments recent priorities of defence, security and migration control.

The economy is expected to return to its longer-term average growth rate of around .75 percent. This growth is expected to reduce unemployment to 6 percent by June 00, leading to higher tax revenues and reduced pressure on welfare spending. Overall government spending will continue to rise and fiscal deficit is expected to turn to a surplus by 000.

In 00, fiscal policy is moving into a new phase of policy neutralityin effect, the government is moving towards fiscal policy inactivity. The budget may have a mild concretionary impact on the economy, but any such impact will be small.

It is Monetary Policy that will play the major role in economic management. Monetary policy will be used for the purpose of ensuring that growth is kept at a level that can be sustained. The primary objective of the strategy is maintaining budget balance, on average, over the course of the economic cycle.

Broader Policy Goals that are intended to be achieved include

1. Increased Government Spending On Priority Areas

Including

Ø Defence to support the U.S military response to the terrorist attacks of September 11.

Ø Increased spending on "border protection" in the prevention of asylum seekers.

. Shifting From Expansionary To a Neutral Policy Stance

Ø Economic growth now has its own momentum and does not need further stimulus. Monetary policy will play a major role in influencing the growth rate. The government is relying on the effect of automatic stabilisers to bring the budget back to surplus.

. Ensuring Interest Rates Remain Low

Ø In a year where economic growth is expected to be strong, inflationary pressures are likely to build, and this will mean that the Reserve Bank Of Australia will be raising interest rates.

4. Reduced Unemployment

Ø By adopting a relatively neutral fiscal policy this year the government believes it is most likely to foster sustained growth and therefore to help lower unemployment.

Government spending in 000 has shifted from health and welfare programs towards defence and security programs, reflecting a changed international environment and a continued focus on the issue of asylum seekers.

Spending cuts in the 00 0 budget have occurred in health and welfare, with a reduction in the growth in spending on the disability support program, and changes to the pharmaceutical benefits scheme.

The anticipated growth throughout 000 is supported by a number of factors

v Strong growth in consumer spending of 4 percent

v A 1 percent surge in business investment

v Export growth of around 6 percent

Over the course of 000, monetary policy is likely to play the main role in ensuring that economic growth is kept within sustainable limits. The modest tightening of fiscal policy means that there will be less pressure on the RBA to raise interest rates over the next year.

Australia enters 000 financial with the promise of surprisingly strong growth after the economic slowdown of 00001. While the international environment is far more uncertain and global economic conditions remain weak, Australia's prospects for continuing growth remain good in the short to medium term.

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Discovering the Way to Life - A Philosophical Approach

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Michael M. Winburn

Professor Brendan Hogan

Intro. to Philosophy ¨C HUP 101.868

Term Paper ¨C Due Mon 8/11

Cheap Custom Essays on Discovering the Way to Life - A Philosophical Approach

¡°Discovering The Way In Life¡±

¡°What Should I do in this Situation that will result in a peaceful existence?¡±

That¡¯s one of those questions that seem to defy the perfect answer.In fact, it could be said that the answer to that question can make us or break us.That is, the answer makes us successful in enjoying life or wholly unsuccessful.Yet, ifbeing able to answer this question correctly will enable us to experience a good life, so too then, answering incorrectly will cause anxiety, stress, and take us down roads we¡¯ve had no business traveling¡­an no desire to stay on.

Such was the question I had to ask myself last week. While on my way to school from work, I was verbally, and physically attacked by two senior high school students.It was about 515 and a co-worker and I stood on the platform.The train doors opened and lucky for us,seats next to the door were available.

Or, so we thought.

No sooner had we¡¯d takensteps toward the seat then out of nowhere - !! Splat, Splat !! Little green pieces of fruit hit the back of the seat, slid down and landed on the saddle!From directly across the train aisle, two teen-aged girls had begun throwing fruit on the floor, on the seat, and, then threw it NEAR us!

What should I do in this situation that will result in a peaceful existence?We merely looked at them with disbelief¡­ obviously they had some problem that we knew nothing about¡­ and didn¡¯t want to know about either.With trepidation we merely wiped the fruit from the seats and sat down ¨C they were, as Murphy¡¯s Law would have it of course,the only seats available on the car.

Next thing we know, while talking to each other, suddenly out of nowhere, and without provocation, splat!!!!Splat!!!Fruit was flying and hit us.

The girls obviously noticed our disdain when having looked their direction the girls began to yell ¡°Yeah, and what are you going to do about it¡­¡±We will beat your &^%^&$ [rear-ends] !! You and that [European-American Female] you¡¯re with.¡± (European-American ¨C of course - that¡¯s the politically correct term for people whose ancestors came, at point in U.S. History, from Europe.Don¡¯tbe confused by it though, that person no more came from Europe than I came from Africa ¨C but, that¡¯s the society we live in now).I only mention the fact as it seems the nature of the verbal assault was racial.Two brown skinned teens saw a brown skinned man and a fair skinned woman sitting on the train talking¡­and the racial slurs abounded!!I¡¯d not heard such foul language, hate, confusion, and delusion since my child hood -when fair skinned Police (Officers of ¡­the Law?) would drive by and yell at us shades of brown skinned people us from their State authorized Police Cruisers, ¡°Get out of our neighborhood you &%#$¡±.Of course, perhaps he thought I didn¡¯t live on the ¡°white side of town¡± and his non sequitur was the source of his remark.But after he followed me home one day with his slurs, and then continued his remarks frequently thereafter, I was convinced he was just the wrong person to be working for ¡°The Law¡±.What Should I do in this Situation that will result in a peaceful existence?

The real inner turmoil began when one girl got up a walked toward us ¨C fist in tow and declared, ¡°What are you going to do, I¡¯ll kick your &%$# right now; get up, do something¡­don¡¯t just sit there, do something¡­.¡±!! Splat , Splat !!!The other girl threw more fruit and some hit my friend in the face¡­ and some landed behind me.By now, the entire car of course was now looking our direction¡­. Anticipating an outcome.

Okay, I ask you, how do you think I should have responded?Better yet, how would you respond?

The Asian sage nick-named Lao Tzu answers with one of the finest possible solutions that everyone can benefit from.He says in essence, If you want to Discover ¡°The Way¡± of life, you¡¯ll have to understand ¡°The Way of Reversal¡±,prefer ¡°Yin to Yang¡±, and acquire the discipline of the ¡°Action of Doing Nothing¡±.This is the key to every situation where one finds himself or herself posed with the question, ¡°What Should I do in this Situation that will result in a peaceful existence¡±.

According to Douglas J. Soccio, author of the book Archetypes of Wisdom,a Sage is the oldest philosophical archetypal figure who combines religious inspiration and extraordinary insight into the human condition¡­The term sage has been used to refer to masters associated with religious traditions, to the wise elders of a group or tribe, and to philosophers whose lives reflect noteworthy integrity, compassion, and courage. The title ¡°sage¡± is historically associated with individuals who manifest a deep, lifelong commitment to learning and teaching that extends beyond an academic interest in living wisely.(6)

I¡¯ve had the great privilege of studying several such ¡°sages¡± under the teaching of the inimitable and inspiring Professor Brendan Hogan while here at New York¡¯s LaGuardia Community College.We acquainted ourselves with Sages ofantiquity like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Thomas Aquinas, and a few of modernity, like Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, and even Jean-Paul Sartre - (if we use the term ¡°sage¡± strictly).Yet, the sage to which I refer precedes them all. He is the bureaucrat in ancient China, known only by a nick name ÀÏ× (Lao Zi5 one name ¨C two ¡°syllables¡±).Translated from Chinese , this means literally, ¡°Father¡±, or ¡°The One who is Old¡±.The ancient colloquialism emends the titles of ¡°Old Master¡±, ¡°Old Man¡±, ¡°Old Boy¡±, or more specifically, the ¡°Old Philosopher¡±.

Like Sartre, whose philosophy of living was derived from his experiences during a time of war, LaoZi compiled one of his greatest works (and the work upon which this paper is based) entitled, µÀµÂ ¾(Dao4 de5Jing1 )at a time of great political and social turmoil known as the Period of the Warring States.During this time, atrocities the likes of the Nazi Holocaust were common place in China.¡°To site one instance,¡± says Soccio, ¡°soldiers from one army were not paid until they showed the paymaster the severed heads of their enemies. Each atrocity was answered with an equal or greater atrocity.¡± (8) It was within this cultural setting that LaoZi, fed up with the result of politics and injustice, wandered out to the western border of his state, riding his water buffalo, away from his bureaucratic position to ¡°search for a place to live a simple life, close to nature and without trouble. With him, he carried his ideas. Live a simple life, be free, be yourself, and be close to nature. Do these things and you will be wise and happy.(Mr. Sage).Before he made his exit, he wrote, (very loosely translated) The Classic of the Way and the Power (Virture), or the writings of ¡®Maps of the Way¡¯.Simply stated, Lao sought to teach anyone who wanted to know, how to find ¡°The Way¡± to live life, so that you may wisely endure, come to be content with, and (for lack of the perfect term) enjoy your journey in this life.

So before we visit briefly the three principals needed for acquiring ¡°The Way¡± lets summarize what exactly is this ¡°Way¡± of which LaoZi alludes to.

Says Soccio, Tao means ¡°way¡± or ¡°path¡± in the sense of ¡°the way to go¡±.Rather than a philosophic system, LaoZi struggles to express a sense of the ultimate underlying great principle, rule, or cause of ¡°the way things are¡±.He appeals to our ¡°natural instincts¡± and intuitions.Tao is, (LaoZi) implies, too rich, too big, and too small, simply ¡°too much¡± to be ¡°trapped¡± by definition, description, or system. (0).In layman¡¯s terms, LaoZi implies the way to be successful at living life in peace and harmony with self, nature, and others, is to find the place of Balance.That is the place where action and in-action reach the solution that causes both the greatest good for all, and the least amount of harm to all¡­but more importantly, it is the result of naturally following life¡¯s way.When you reach this ¡°grand Ultimate¡± you have discovered ¡°the Way¡±.It can not be taught anymore than one can teach you what ¡°enjoying a delicious plum¡± tastes like.It cannot be described accurately, for in so doing, words limit your success in describing it.Discovering ¡°The Way¡± (hereafter referred to as Tao) is something one experiences.When you¡¯ve reached it you know it, and no one can share it with you because they cannot experience exactly what you experience at the same time you experience it. Lastly, Tao is sought after in each moment of life¡¯s journey, so one cannot say, ¡°since I have discovered Tao in today¡¯s situation, I will always be on the right path.It¡¯s possible to understand concept of Tao, but through forced choices and too much action, one winds up destroying Tao while reaching for it. Thus, for each, ¡°Tao¡± is different, yet its end is the same Moral Quiet; Peace.

It is not wise to attempt to explain the three principals in great depth.So instead for this paper, I am choosing to explore each on its surface as it relates to the whole concept of Tao.I¡¯m encouraging the reader (s) to be able to quickly grab these principals and put them into ¡°action¡± when opportunity arises to answer the question, ¡°What Should I do in this Situation that will result in a peaceful existence?¡±

Don¡¯t these Girls know I¡¯m a disciple of Shi Yan-Ming ¨C 4th Gen. Master of Shao-Lin Kung Fu? Don¡¯t they know that with a decision of the will I could have them strewn across the train - with a wisp of a kick?A twist of a body,an effortless movement of a wrist?Don¡¯t they know I work on week-ends as a Youth Director for some 70 kids in Crown Heights Brooklyn?Don¡¯t they know I¡¯m a Father ofchildren whom I have taught to respect themselves and others? Don¡¯t they know? Don¡¯t they know?Apparently they don¡¯t, and wouldn¡¯t listen to explanations why there actions are not wise.So what exactly should I do in this Situation that will result in a peaceful existence?First of all LaoZi tells us my first requirement is to get a hold of the concept of ¡°The Way of Reversal¡±.

The ¡°reversal¡± is a way of asking us to ¡°reverse¡± how we think we can understand the over arching principal of ¡°Tao¡±.By nature we want to categorize it and explain it, so that we may be able to say, ¡°ah-ha, I have it¡±.But for LaoZi, says Soccio, Tao ¡°is not a concept to grasp cognitively or logically¡­ Lao Tzu is not trying to discover something ¡°more real¡± that what appears to our senses [that is obviously apparent right in front of our eyes], but a constant Way behind the changing and conflicting ways of life¡­.¡± Instead, if we want to grasp Tao, then sometimes we have to violate our rules and systems if we wish to be decent human beings responsive to the ebb and flow of life teeming around us.¡± (-4).In other words, we can¡¯t just understand what¡¯s going on around us, we¡¯ve got respond at each moment and resonate with the ¡°life¡± going on around us¡­ ¡°just beyond the edge of understanding¡±.Stop trying to ¡°get it¡± first, just ¡°be it¡± and there it is found...right in the Balance.How beautifully put as quoted by A.C. Graham,(the foremost Scholar on Daoist Philosophy) in his book Disputers of the Tao

When the people of the world all know beauty as beauty

There arises the recognition of ugliness

When they all know the good as good,

There arises the recognition of evil

Therefore

Being and non-being produce each other;

Difficulty and Easy complete each other

Long and short contrast each other

High and low Distinguish each other

Sound and voice Harmonize each other

Front and Back follow each other

In short, once you¡¯ve understood the need to stop trying to force an understanding upon a situation, and rather experience the situation, you are now on the Way to Tao.The question is, once on the Path, what direction should we take?Great question that LaoZi has an answer.For the next Step in Discovering the Way in Life after understanding the Way of Reversal, is to Prefer the Yin to Yang.

Soccio instructs us, ¡° according to ancient Chinese cosmology, the whole of nature consists of the continual interaction of two opposing forces know as YIN (passive element) and YANG (active element). (5-5)Yin says LaoZi, should be preferred.It can be described as Nothing, Doing Nothing, Ignorance, Female, Empty, Below, After, Still, Small, Weak, soft, Bent.Yang on the other had should be resisted. It is the antithesis of YinSomething, Doing Something, Knowledge, Male, Full, Above, Before, Moving, Big, Strong, hard, Straight.

Lao instructs that both the ¡°good¡± and ¡°bad¡± Yin and Yang exist in everlasting change, and depending on the circumstances its nature changes.Kind of like the episode where the earth is beginning to freeze and everyone is dying left and right because the Sun is somehow moving away from the earth.Only, at the end when the man himself is about to die, he awakes to find he was dreaming.The source of his nightmare was the fact that the same Sun is not moving away, but instead is growing closer to earth and everyone is dying from heat exposure.LaoZi teaches that during times when apparently bad situations force you to answer our question, the best result is reverse your priorities and seek Yin to Yang ¨C for the express purpose of drawing closer to Tao.The balance.

The suggestion is by our forcing situations to fit our perceptions of Good and Bad, just and unjust, we offset the balance and cause more ¡°harm than good¡± if you will.

The result of meeting force with counter force, is the perpetuation of commotion, frustration, and exhaustion.Killing today will result in further killing tomorrow.Yet, if instead one reverses his perceived avenue of action, and instead seeks to just Be Natural (discussed in a moment), then you will further the quest of experiencing Tao.Tao is the way every situation should be played out according to its own game plan ¨C if you will.

So in essence, LaoZi instructs us to achieve Tao, understand ¡°The Way of Reversal¡±, and choose to Select ¡°Yin to Yang¡± as a strategy for successfully weathering storms of life, and then you will naturally understand thelast step that leads to Tao is implementing the discipline of the ¡°Action of Doing Nothing¡±.

Soccio asks an interesting question in his explanation of this Doctrine of Inactionas he calls it.¡°Does Social and Political action really work ¨C or does it result in contest after contest with factions struggling against each other for control.¡± (6)He notes, it seems true to life that all action taken to legislate social order results in a counter force against it.In essence, Soccio and LaoZi indicate what appears to be a truism The more we jump into action to proactively fix things, the more trouble we stir up doing it.

Sounds as if they¡¯re saying that things would turn out better if we just left well enough along and didn¡¯t get involved!!!But this is an erroneous thinking.The key can be found in the term thought of being Pro Active versus Spontaneous.

LaoZi in short espouses that it¡¯s the Pro Active acts (designed to force an end to a situation we perceive will be happening) that ultimately deters people from walking according to the natural path of Tao.Natural of course meaning a healthy, spontaneous reaction that is already within us, and when we act according to our ¡°natural way¡± we resonate with Tao, and in-so-doing the result will be ¡­the unforced natural right result.

¡°The Sage¡±, says Soccio, ¡° in such cases, is moved by natural inclinations, which are responses to what he perceives and to his own reactions to what he perceives.He does not need to figure out, or reason that striking someone for being annoying is wrong, because ( by resonating his nature with Tao) he sees the quality of such behavior and the motivations that trigger it. Being uncorrupted by artificial desires and needs himself, the sages¡¯ spontaneous responses are reliable, healthy, and in harmony with Tao¡­He doesn¡¯t preach a sermon, he lives a sermon¡± (8)

¡°Wow !! sounds fascinating in concept but what¡¯s the use?¡± one could askTao properly understood will have us face a difficult situation and acting according to the right way ¨C naturally.Not after much contrived reasoning. No, no, not that the sage does not act with careful thought, instead what flows out of his careful, healthy thoughts is spontaneous helpful actions.In a Patrol car in an all ¡°white¡± neighborhood, a police man yells out his window at a black 8th grader, ¡°get out of our neighborhood you(%$(^$%)¡­¡±A Partner in the car, on his journey of life seeking Tao, will spontaneously smack his partner in the back of the neck and say, ¡° what¡¯s wrong with you man¡­.¡± Not giving regard to how his actions of doing naturally right will result for himself personally.The result of that natural act says LaoZi, is indeed the natural result, and you will be at Peace.Yet conversely, if that same Partner, deliberates over his action, considers he may (or may not) become an outcast on the force.Every moment slipping away from the incident he slips further away from Tao, till in the end, his ¡°Action¡± of deliberating has caused ¡­further unnatural turmoil, frustration, stress.

Had he practiced the discipline of the ¡°Action of Doing Nothing¡± he would have found peace.

So then how do we appropriate the value of Tao into our lives?Perhaps like Confucius.

Some years before, a young man nervously walked up to the great scholar, or man of ideas, and keeper of the library in the capital city.

The scholar was Lao-tzu, the most respected thinker of his day. And the young man was Confucius. Confucius spoke about his duty to make the lives of the people better. Lao-tzu answered Just like mosquitoes will keep you awake all night, this talk about duty to your fellow man drives me crazy. Don¡¯t worry about it! Just try to keep your world as simple as possible. Remember--just like the wind blows whenever and wherever it wants to, good times will come and sometime and somewhere. Be natural. Go with the wind.

Don¡¯t these Girls know I¡¯m a disciple of Shi Yan-Ming ¨C 4th Gen. Master of Shao-Lin Kung Fu? Don¡¯t they know that with a decision of the will I could have them strewn across the train - with a wisp of a kick?A twist of a body,an effortless movement of a wrist?Don¡¯t they know I work on week-ends as a Youth Director for some 70 kids in Crown Heights Brooklyn?Don¡¯t they know I¡¯m a Father ofchildren whom I have taught to respect themselves and others? Don¡¯t they know? Don¡¯t they know?Apparently they didn¡¯t, and didn¡¯t listen to explanations why there actions are not wise.So what exactly did I do in this Situation that results in a peaceful existence?

As the one girl came roaring at my friend and co-worker with sheer evil in her eye and aggression in her intent, and the other in front ofme yelling at the top of her lungs, and the whole train a gasp, I practiced the Doctrine of Inaction ¨C I acted naturally¡­ I stood up swiftly from my chair lifted one arm to stop the other girl and pushed her backwards; I pointed at the other -in front of me - and shouted, ¡°Stop¡±.The whole train sat rapt ¡­ the moment seemed to last for hours, but what came out of my mouth I will never forget¡­I am glad it did¡­and perhaps later in life, they will be too.I declared, ¡° Never forget today.For right now, you have not received what you very well deserve¡±.Silence for another few moments.

Ding.The doors opened, and off we got. It was our stop. Coincidence? Not so says LaoZi, it was the Way.It was the Action of Doing Nothing.It was definitely Reversal.It was uncontrived Yin in the urge of Yang¡­.A Moment of pure beauty¡­.a moment of Moral Peace. It was at once, Tao.

A scene Hollywood would have quite the difficulty recreating.

Please note that this sample paper on Discovering the Way to Life - A Philosophical Approach is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discovering the Way to Life - A Philosophical Approach, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Discovering the Way to Life - A Philosophical Approach will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The American Dream Throughout History

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When the settlers settled on the tip of Cape Cod, they had dreams and expectations of the new land which will never be forgotten. They craved freedom of religion, opportunity, and a new life. Throughout history writers in America have documented their hopes, fears, dreams, and fictional works through literature, each and every piece holds an aspect of the American Dream.

The Puritans were one of the first settlers, they came to America to escape religious persecution. The Puritans believed that in following Adam and Eve's sin, most of us would be damned to hell. However there were very few who were saved. One did not know whether they were saved or damned one must act accordingly in order to reach heaven, if in fact you are one of the saved. Puritans came to value self-reliance, industriousness, temperance, and simplicity. The Puritan writing was always simple, and to the point, there were no metaphors or similes. Such style was exhibited in William Bradford's "Of Plymouth Plantation" this short story told his account of the pilgrims' journey to Plymouth and the hardships they faced throughout their time spent there. He stressed that everything happened because God planned it that way. When someone was hurt, it was because God was punishing him. If something good happened, it was because God was pleased with them. The Puritans also used the Bible as a model for writing. Mary Rowlandson's short story "A Narrative of the Captivity" used this form, and several times during her story she used references to the bible. Rowlandson often saw direct connections between her hardships and the ones in the bible. "So I took the bible and in that melancholy time, it came to my mind to read the first chapter of Deuteronomy, which I did, and when I had read it, my dark heart wrought on this manner, that there was no mercy for me, that the blessings were gone, and the curses come in their room, and that I had lost my opportunity…" This quote describes Mary Rowlandson's story of being captured. In this quote she sees the direct connection between the bible and her own personal life. In Deuteronomy chapter 28, Moses warns that God will bless those who obey him and curse those who do not. The Puritans style and content of literature reflected their own personal American Dream, to be free to worship God and attempt to be saved.

Rationalism is the belief that human beings can arrive at truth by using reason, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition. The Rationalists discovered God through the medium of the natural world, but in a slightly different way than the Puritans. Rationalists believed in deism, American Deists came from different religious backgrounds, and avoided specific religious groups. They sought the principles that united all religions.Rationalists believed that God created the universe; however, he does not interfere with its workings. They also praised humanities goodness instead of evilness. Rationalists came to value the "self-made man" as well as self examination. A good example of Rationalist writing comes from Benjamin Franklin. In his autobiography he stresses the "rags to riches story" as well as deep self examination in order to improve oneself. Throughout Franklin's life he found the goodness in America. To rationalists, America holds opportunity and freedom. "…Then I asked for a penny loaf, and was told they had none such. So not considering or knowing the difference of money, and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread, I bade him give me three-penny worth of any sort. He gave me, accordingly, three great puffy rolls. I was surprised at the quantity, but took it, and having no room in my pockets, walked off with a roll under each arm, and eating the other." This quote from Benjamin Franklin's autobiography shows a minor example of opportunity. He was surprised at what all he could get from just three pennies. Benjamin Franklin also showed good insight to the rationalist ways of self-examination. In order to look deeply into himself he devised a plan to help him. Franklin made a book of virtues, such as temperance, silence, and order, he would follow at the end of each day he would see if he had carried out these virtues the way he had planned. This way he could make a habit of good virtues. The rationalist's American dream was to live in a land of opportunity, where they could come from a poor family and rise from rags to riches in American society. The Rationalist American Dream was full of hopes for a better future and life.

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American Romanticism prospered from 1800-1860. This new name was given to people who believed in intuition over reason. American Romanticism was described as a journey away from the corruption of society and towards nature and imagination. They also valued poetry over any other kind of writing. Romantics found inspiration in myth, legend, and folk culture. Washington Irving's Rip Van Winkle was a good example of the myths in romantic literature. This tale was told of a man who fell asleep in the wilderness. He awoke several years later, and the world had changed greatly. This story also described the perilous journey into the supernatural realm which romantics valued. Oliver Wendell Holmes was another good example of romantic writers. His poem "The Chambered Nautilus", describes the life cycle through the life of a shell called a nautilus. This beautiful metaphor of life and death shows the imagination of romantic writers. The American dream of romantics was to escape the evils of society and explore the supernatural realms of imagination and goodness.

The Americans who called themselves Transcendentalists were idealists, they believed in human perfectibility, and they worked to achieve this goal. One of the American dreams of this time period was to reach "human perfectibility." Transcendentalists believed everything in the world, including human beings, were reflections of the Divine Soul. They also believed that self-reliance and individualism should outweigh external authority and blind conformity to custom and tradition. Ralph Waldo Emerson was a great writer of the transcendentalism period; his book Nature had a true view of Transcendentalism because it viewed nature as a doorway to a mystical world holding important truths. "Self-Reliance" was another work written by Emerson that held up the American dream as transcendentalists viewed it. To Transcendentalists the American dream was a journey out of conformity and into individuality. "Is it so bad to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo, and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. To be great is to be misunderstood." Emerson's strong belief in individualism brought him to the conclusion that if you must be misunderstood to escape conformity it is better to be misunderstood. The dream of Transcendentalists was to escape tradition and conformity and live in a world of individualism and self reliance.

The Modernists had an emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form, reflecting the fragmentation of society, rejection of traditional themes and subjects, and an interest in the inner workings of the human mind. This was sometimes expressed through new narrative techniques such as stream of consciousness. Some dreams of the moderns included a land of unlimited resources and endless opportunities. They also believed that the American birthright is one of ever-expanding opportunity and progress should be celebrated. "Birches" by Robert Frost is a good example of modernism. In this poem, Robert Frost uses birch trees to illustrate the beauty in nature and how one sometimes may have to step out of society and enjoy life as it is. Modernisms dream of unlimited resources, beautiful nature, and opportunity shows the American dream from their point of view.

Throughout history American Literature has reflected the American dream in each time period. Most American authors built up on the ideas of others and the American dream remains unchanged with a few modifications. America is a place of freedom, opportunity, self-reliance, individualism, and resources. A true paradise to those who had lived in persecution and limited lifestyles before America was discovered. People flocked to American to experience this realization of new found hope and freedom. Today people still hold on to the American dream as they search for jobs, homes, and a new life in this profound country.

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Discuss how the film Asphalt Jungle shows a move away from the typical plot and characters of pre-war gangster movies

If you order your cheap custom essaysfrom our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Discuss how the film Asphalt Jungle shows a move away from the typical plot and characters of pre-war gangster movies. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Discuss how the film Asphalt Jungle shows a move away from the typical plot and characters of pre-war gangster movies paper right on time.

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Asphalt Jungle, released in 150 was an independent production venture directed by John Huston.The plot revolves around a robbery masterminded by Riedenschnieider (Sam Jaffe) ).The job is bankrolled by bankrupt lawyer Emmerich (Louis Calhern).The other main characters are Ciavelli (Anthony Caruso), Cobby (Marc Lawrence), Gus (James Whitmore) and Dix (Sterling Hayden).

It is my proposal that the film is representative of a move away from the pre-war movies of the 10s, such as Little Caesar and The Public Enemy, in various ways.

In the film city is portrayed as an anonymous one.It is non-specific, as opposed to the naming of a particular city such as Chicago or New York.This takes away the connotations of pre-war gangsters in cities such as Chicago and New York.The usual depiction of ethnic ghettos spawning gangsters because of their social and financial standing are not depicted in Asphalt Jungle

The wide-ranging background of the characters in the film states this point further.The film does not try to comment on the plight of the ethnic working classes; rather it depicts a city whereby people are drawn together for the simple reason of crime and making money.

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This is a marked shift from pre-war films such as Little Caesar and The Public Enemy, both of which are typical of gangster films of the time in that they focus on immigrant's struggles to gain a valid and accepted foot in American society. Consequently they turn their hands to crime to make a living and protect their own community.In Scarface when James Cagney speaks 'his accent frames his desire for success within a history of struggle over national identity'.

Where as gangster films of the past focused on the typical rise and fall of the criminal.Asphalt Jungle is different in this sense.We are thrown into the middle of the characters lives and although we do find out about some of their past and their hopes for the future, the past seems to be rather irrelevant as to how they all managed to become involved with one another.Films that preceded it such as Little Caesar and The Public Enemy highlighted the early events of the characters lives that shaped their path into a life of crime.

Dix one, of the main characters, is not a gangster in the typical sense that audiences had come to expect from gangster films.He displays traits and characterisations that are not emblematic of the typical gangster audiences had seen depicted on screen previously.He is not a leader; rather he is foot soldier who has very little ambition typical of that depicted in the gangster film.He doesn't wish to rise to the top or gain immense financial power.Rather he simply wants to make enough money to go home to Kentucky in the country.

His dream of moving back home and living the life that he wants is exactly that a dream.The reality is that the city is drawing him in, becoming his life.This city / country dream highlights how the cities of the time have grown and sucked citizens in from the surrounding countryside looking for work.It would seem that living in the city is becoming the reality and living in the country a dream.It is not a coincidence that Dix occupies the lowest position in the gang.He is a country farm boy reluctant to stay in the city yearning to move back home.He cares little for the gangster way of life and sees it as just a means to an end.Dix is quite obviously not a gangster as his nature is to trusting.In a world where double crossing is the norm Dix is far too honest.As such the other characters see him as simply hired muscle.

This said Dix comes across as a likeable criminal.He is not pathologically violent, he is not greedy and would not do anything possible to gain for his own sake.He is honest who has simple desires and needs.

The groups mix of races, ages and backgrounds emphases that this is a group that not born out of a community spirit but rather that they are a group of misfits thrown together in the pursuit of survival and financial gain.

Above all the point that the film raises is that crime is not the sole act of the ghettoised working classes.It is an act that is spread throughout society.Emmerich shows this most clearly in the film.As a lawyer you would expect him to be the most honest of all the characters however, it is he who is the mastermind behind the bank job and he who attempts to double cross those involved.Previously crime was located in a particular social space in the pre-war gangster pictures.In the Asphalt Jungle everywhere is depicted as a possible space for crime, 'even the baroque confines of the lawyer's mansion are not immune'.

Please note that this sample paper on Discuss how the film Asphalt Jungle shows a move away from the typical plot and characters of pre-war gangster movies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Discuss how the film Asphalt Jungle shows a move away from the typical plot and characters of pre-war gangster movies, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Discuss how the film Asphalt Jungle shows a move away from the typical plot and characters of pre-war gangster movies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Definition of Slavery: A Look at the Experiences of Frederick Douglass

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Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818, in Tuckahoe, Maryland. Although he would remain in bondage until September , 188, his perception of his status as a slave changed though his experiences. Frederick Douglass explains numerous transitions between "man" and "slave" in the sequence of his early life in his slave narrative.Douglass uses the diverse contrast in the conditions of slavery to understand the wide range of opinions, the public as well as his own, of what it means to be a slave. Throughout the Narrative, Douglass tries to show us the various ways that the system of slavery defines a slave, and how it keeps them in that role. He himself experiences the dehumanizing effects of slavery when Covey beats him until he has turned into a brute. The importance of this notion, however, is that it assumes that slaves begin as humans and have their humanity torn or beaten from them, a claim not shared by the slave-holders who felt that owning a slave was the same as owning horses or cattle. The belief of the slaveholders did not show understanding of how unnatural slavery was to treat human beings as if they were less than human.

In the first paragraph of the narrative, Douglass makes reference to his unknown birthday, which he views as a very significant handicap for slaves. He uses this lack of knowledge as the first major identification of what it means to be a slave, paired more closely with horses, ignorant of their own age, than a man.The search for a birthday is important throughout the course of Douglass' life as a symbolic movement in regaining his own manhood and transcending the unnatural dehumanizing effects of slavery.Douglass views the deprivation of an age for slaves from their masters as just one of the ways in which slave owners kept slaves from being "men".Douglass states

I now understood what had been to me a most perplexing difficulty-to wit, the white mans power to enslave the black man. It was a grand achievement, and I prized it highly. From that moment, I understood the pathway from slavery to freedom (5).

In this quote, we can see one of the central themes of the narrative that slavery is maintained at least partly through the forced ignorance of the slaves. Douglass also realizes the acquisition of manhood through knowledge must be the way to freedom, although he does not yet know the nature of the path.

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Early in the story Douglass refers to the lack of real relationship with his mother as another way for slaveholders to withhold feelings of manhood from the slaves

Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received tidings of her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger (11).

This quote shows the extent to which slavery destroys the basic mother-child relationship, a relationship that society holds sacred. The inability of Douglass to love and grieve for the death of his own mother is a huge indictment of the system of slavery. Along with mental manipulation, harsh cruelty and severe beating are other forms of repressing slave identity.Douglass' realization of the callous world of slavery is embodied through his transition from a pleasant childhood with his grandmother to the sight of his Aunt Hester being whipped by an overseer. This is the first detailed example we get of the slave experience, as Douglass states

I was quite a child, but I well remember it. I shall never it whilst I remember any thing. It was the first of a long series of such outrages, of which I was doomed to be a witness and a participant. It struck me with awful force. It was the blood-stained gate, the entrance to the hell of slavery, through which I was about to pass. It was the most terrible spectacle. I wish I could commit to paper the feelings with which I beheld it (1).

We are put in Douglass position as horrified witness to the whipping of Aunt Hester, and it thus stands not only as his entrance to the hell of slavery but as ours also. His speechlessness here, something he doesnt experience elsewhere in the Narrative, stands for our inability to comprehend this scene as well. Throughout his narrative Douglass refers to this beating as an important element of the separation of "slaves" and "men".

In contrast to the process in which slave owners mentally manipulate African Americans into perceiving themselves as slaves to be less than men, Douglass notes a process in which he was able to regain a part of his manhood.This acquisition was made possible through the ability to read and write.The existence of the narrative itself is a means for Douglass to rise above his past life as a slave.William Lord Garrison notes the importance of the narrative in this preface, recognizing the importance of reading and Douglass' movement by quoting Hamlet "gave the world assurance of a man" Garrison comments on the importance of Douglass' ability to articulate his slave story to a larger societal audience using literature to combat the dehumanization he had experienced as a slave. Garrison then goes on to describe the great features of the Narrative it appeals to the sentiments, it is an accurate portrayal of slavery as it is, it contains a sublime literary moment of apostrophe to sailing ships where Douglass shows he is equal to all men, and it offers names and dates so that skeptical readers can verify its information.

Another important transition from "slave" to "man" that Douglass articulates in his narrative is the ability to choose his own name.Although he did leave the decision to Mr. Johnson, the symbolic ties to slave masters were lifted with an acquired new name.

As a slave, your name is not chosen, it is assigned and as slaves are traded or sold. The name can then change frequently and break any continuity of identity a slave possesses. The stigma that surrounds slaves as property is furthered with an identity completely dependent upon the master.Douglass' new identity represents freedom from slavery through the disconnection to a master.A new identity shows that he is then made to be in control of his own life. Douglass demonstrates his self-determination, the capacity that allows human beings to define themselves and to be free in their lives and their actions.

The transition in the narrative that Douglass views most influential is his defiance of Mr. Covey through his physical reaction to the oppression of slavery.The symbolic connection between brute strength and manhood is apparent, but the implications of Douglass' drive to fight are at a deeper textual level.

The battle with Mr. Covey was the turning-point in my career as a slave. It rekindled the few expiring embers of freedom, and revived within me a sense of my own manhood. It recalled the departed self-confidence, and inspired me again with a determination to be free. . . . It was a glorious resurrection from the tomb of slavery, to the heaven of freedom. My long-crushed spirit rose, cowardice departed, bold defiance took its place; and I now resolved that, however long I might be a slave in form, the day had passed forever when I could be a slave in fact (4-44).

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In this quote, Douglass compares himself to Christ, resurrected from the tomb, an analogy that expresses both his divine humanity and the nature of his victory, which is more moral than it is physical. He further shows that this fight made him back into a man, from the brute he thought he had been before seeing the ships and vowing to be free.Finally, this is the first triumphant moment when he stands alone. Having fought alone against Covey and having defeated him, his standing alone is not a defeat as it is in other sections of the Narrative, but a sign that he is finally an independent man who has defeated evil.

The pains which Douglass endured throughout his time in slavery exemplified the difficulties he had identifying himself as "slave" and "man".Although lack of education and a true identity, as well as physical brutality can serve as ways to keep slaves from grasping their own manhood both mentally and physically, Douglass escapes from these hardships and demonstrates how to turn these barriers as vehicles to rise above slavery and return to manhood.

Please note that this sample paper on The Definition of Slavery: A Look at the Experiences of Frederick Douglass is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Definition of Slavery: A Look at the Experiences of Frederick Douglass, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon The Definition of Slavery: A Look at the Experiences of Frederick Douglass will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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