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Supernovae
Jack Kaufman
Mr. Klinger
Buy custom Supernovae term paper
English Usage & Writing
17 March 00
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Supernovae
Close to 160,000 years ago, a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a galaxy close to the Milky Way, burst itself in a majestic, yet violent death, an outstanding example of a supernova explosion.From this exploding star, light and other forms of radiation spread outward in all directions, traveling six trillion miles each year, with radiation passing into dust-shrouded interstellar clouds, speeding through the nearly empty reaches of some intergalactic medium, and radiating into other galaxies.Some of this radiation-about one part in a quadrillion of the total-reached the planet Earth, where it lit the skies as the brightest supernova explosion seen in nearly four centuries. Supernovae, stars that explode at the end of their extremely long lifespan, remain as one of the most wondrous events that take place in the known universe. A supernova consists of three main phases; what happens to the star before the supernova, what happens during the supernova, and what happens after the supernova.
First, there should be an explanation of what happens to a star to cause it to go supernova.During the life of a star, it undergoes a process called nuclear fusion, which produces a number of different elements and a huge abundance of heat and light energy
(Goldsmith, p. 55).Some elements produced in this matter are iron, silicon and hydrogen, amongst other.During the nuclear fusion process, a large abundance of energy is
produced.Take the Sun for example; it produces light that distinguishes daytime and nighttime on planet Earth, and produces heat that prevents the Earth from freezing over and allows plants and animals to live on the planet.In addition, the iron that is produced
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by the reaction is pulled toward the center of the star, causing the core of the star to greatly increase in mass over large amounts of time.When enough mass is accumulated in the core, one of two things happen.Either the star will explode from the extreme force pushing outward from the core, or the star will implode from the gravitational pull inward towards the core. Whichever one happens, it will be known as a supernova.
Moving on, the next question is what happens when a star goes supernova?One of two things can occur when a star goes supernova.The first thing that can happen, and is the more likely of the two to happen, is the star explodes, which is caused by the core of star gaining a tremendous amount of mass.Due to the extreme amount of mass,the core exerts a force so strong that everything contained in the star is forcefully pushed outward at an extremely high rate of speed. When the star explodes, the force created is so powerful that it will utterly destroy anything within a ten light year radius of the explosion (Wheeler, p.147).The second thing that can happen is the star attempts to be forced outward, but if not enough mass is pushed away from the gravitational pull of the core, the star will implode upon itself.This does not tend to occur as much as explosion, but if and when it occurs, the mass of the star is pulled toward the core, creating what is known as a black hole.A black hole creates an inward force so powerful that not even light has the ability to escape the gravitational pull (Lerner, p. 84).
Finally, what happens after a supernova explodes or implodes?Starting with what
happens when a star explodes, after the contents of the star is expunged from the core, the core morphs itself into what is called a White Dwarf.White Dwarves are extremely small, sometimes only as big as baseballs, but even though they have a small size, the
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amount of mass contained in them is approximately three-fifths of the mass of the Sun.White Dwarves contain radiation, mainly alpha and beta rays, that keep them oscillating and pulsing with small amounts of light (Wheeler, p. 14).After a long amount of time, White Dwarves are thought to restart their nuclear fusion process, thus creating a new star from an extinguished one. The remaining occurrence after a star goes supernova happens when the star implodes upon the core of the star.The effect of this is called a black hole.A black hole is said to be a very rare occurrence in the known universe, and they are also one of the most mysterious phenomena that exists.Scientists are currently unable to get anywhere near a black hole to study it, number one, for the fact that it would take far too long to get to the closest one near the Earth with current technology, and number two, because time and space do not exist in a black hole, anything that enters the area around the black hole will be trapped inside and will be forever unable to escape (Goldsmith, p.1).
Scientists are now aware of what happens during the course of a stars life that leads up to a supernova, what happens during the supernova, and the things that are able to happen after the supernova has occurred.A supernova is probably one of the biggest phenomena that scientists have yet to explain.It is still not entirely known why they explode, or what causes them to implode.Science is also still unsure about what causes a black hole, what happens inside of a black hole, and if there is any way of escaping the extreme amount of inward gravitational pull towards the center of the black hole.Supernovae, which supposedly made the heavy elements, made the planets, made the life that inhabit those planets, and made the cosmic rays that help drive evolution, are also
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thought to hold the key to the mysteries of what lie in store for the universe.From death comes rebirth, and from disaster, understanding. These are the lessons that can be learned from supernovae. Kaufman 5
References
Wheeler, C. (000). Cosmic Catastrophes Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts, andAdventures in Hyperspace. New York Cambridge University Press.
Lerner, E. (11). The Big Bang Never Happened A Startling Refutation of theDominant Theory of the Origin of the Universe. New York Times Books.
Goldsmith, D. (18). Supernova! The Exploding Star of 187. New York St. Martin'sPress.
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