Narative

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"The Party"

The majority of people have some kind of hopes and dreams. Hopes are "desires accompanied by expectations of fulfillment, and give promises to the future," (The Merriam Webster Dictionary, page 367).Dreams are "notable for their beauty, excellence, and/or enjoyable quality," (The Merriam Webster Dictionary, pages 234-235).Throughout my life I have had many hopes and dreams that have never come true. However, there was not a bigger disappointment in my life than what happened four years ago this October.Our lives can change at any given moment. But sometimes we do not understand that, and take our lives for granted.Four years ago I took my life for granted, and because of one unintelligent moment, my life has changed forever.

The last thing that my parents said to me as they walked out the door was, "There are to be absolutely no parties while we are gone."Me being the "perfect son,"I reassured them that there would be absolutely no parties while they were gone. Of course in my mind I was really thinking, "Ya right, I am a junior in high school, my parents are going out of town for five days, and I am not going to have a party?"Thatweekend would turn out to be the worst weekend of my life.

It all began on a Friday. There was a home football game that night, so my best friend Brian and I thought a party after the game was perfect.So we told about ten of our closest friends to come over to the house after the game was over.In the meantime after school, I went out to get the "refreshments," which consisted of several cases of beer, a lot of liquor, and chips.The game finally ended at about ten o'clock, and I could not have imagined what was going to happen next.Eight of us were out on the back patio cooking steaks, having a good time.Moments later there was a knock at the door.I went to see who it was, and saw ten people standing there wanting to know if this was were the party was. I said, "Sure come on in, the beer is out back." Before I knew it, there were fifty people at my house, and there was nothing that I could do about it.It was about this time when I began to realize that this was probably a bad idea.

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At about 1:30 a.m. there was another knock at the door.As I opened the door to see who it was, two police officers were standing there shining their flashlights right in my eyes.Before I could say anything, someone yelled "cops" and everyone started running out the back door.The police ended up catching four people including myself. As we were sitting in my living room, the police were telling me, " We received a complaint from the neighbors."As I sat there scared out of my mind,I wondered what were they going to do to me. Were they going to let me off with a warning, or were they going to take me off to jail?Little did I know what they were going to find next.One of the officers stayed out in the living room and gave us all breathalyzers, while the other one went through the house to look for other people.As he was looking,he found a kid hiding in my parents closet with aziploc baggy full of marijuana.It ended up that my blood alcohol level was about 0.5, and me being a minor meant that it was going to be a long night in jail. That night they charged me with possession, "even though it was not mine", and for being a minor under the influence.All of this was just the beginning of the "hell" that I was going to have to go through.

When I arrived at the police station they let me try to call my parents, but my parents were in Wisconsin visiting my grandparents, and the call was not going through. Later to find out, my parents cell phone wouldn't work because my grandparents house was in the thick of the woods. So then I called my girlfriend and told her what had happened, so that she could try andget a hold of my parents.That first night in a jail cell was indescribable. But one thing I did know was that it was the worst thing that I have ever experienced in my life.The next day I was moved to the Hamilton County correctional facility, and wasfinally able to talk with my parents.They ended up coming home early, but that did not matter since the police were not going to let me out of jail until my court date five days later.That meant that I was going to have to spend five days in "hell."

Tuesday rolled around, and I was finally allowed to see my parents in court.They were definitely not happy.The judge ordered me to be on house arrest until my next court date, which would be in about two months. Two months of house arrest was horrible for both me and my family.I literally could not do anything.I could go to school, work, and I could go out with my family for only four hours a week. Wherever I did go, I had to give my parole officer the exact times and places when and where I was. By the end of the two months I was about to go crazy.Court date number two finally rolled around, and it was much better than the first time in court. This judge seemed to have more sympathy for me.The charges for possession of marijuana were dropped for me, but being a minor under the influence still stood.So that meant that I was going to have one year of probation, and I was going to have to do 200 hours of community service.It was either that or I would have had to spend two months in jail.After spending five nights in a jail cell I had no intentions of ever going back there, and I was prepared to do whatever it took to get out of jail time.Thus, I was definitely pleased with the judge's ruling.

For the next year, probation was not too bad. I had to meet with a probation officer every few weeks, and I had to write essays on a lot of different things, as well as the community service.The community service was not bad either. I took on a job with the Hamilton County Parks and Recreation department doing odds and ends at all of the parks in Hamilton county.

Four years ago, I took my life for granted and did something that changed my life forever. I know I have to live with that for the rest of my life.Robert J. Hasting said, "Tucked away in our subconscious is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the continent," ( The Station).I did have an idyllic vision of my life, and four years ago that vision drastically changed.I realized that I needed tobecome closer with my family, focus less on friends and partying, and use my free time to focus on school as much as I could.I know that my trip through life has not been that long, but it has not been easy either.There have been many ups and downs, and I probably should have done some things differently. But if I spend all of my time worrying about the past, then there will not be time to focus on the future.It is sad that it took something like sitting in a jail cell for five nights to realize where my life was going and what I was doing wrong with it.Although, sometimes something so drastic is what it takes for people to wake up and realize what they are doing with their life.Hasting also said, "Relish the moment."For the past four years, I have relished every moment, and I plan on relishing every moment for the rest of my life.

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Differences in Cultures

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He wears different clothes.She speaks a different language.Why do they do that?When you begin to think about cultures other than your own you tend to think of the things that set them apart from your own culture.Why do you think that is?Is it because that is the way that we, as Americans, were brought up?Or is it simply the blindness that Americans as well as other cultures see towards other cultures that are much different than their own?Many people, as well as I, tend to make assumptions that may not always be accurate.But if a person shuts out any other possibility to a given situation it can cause great destruction to those involved like the destruction shown in The Gua Sha Treatment.

In the Movie "The Gua Sha Treatment", misunderstanding is evident throughout the entire movie causing great distruction to a Chinese family due to the misunderstanding of another, or in this case Chinese, culture.In this essay I will attempt to illustrate how different traditions in other cultures can be misconstrued and misinterpreted from the eyes of a person that may not have ever been exposed to other cultures.

As Americans we see more cultural diversity than most countries.America is thought to be known as a "melting pot" signifying that America is composed of many people from many different cultural backgrounds as well as many different origins.If America is supposed to include such a wide variety of different cultures, then why are we so blind to things that we find unusual from our own culture?It can be clearly seen that we continue to criticize those who differ from ourselves.

Do you view spanking or disciplining your child abuse?The main issue in this movie is the fact that Datong disciplines his son in public.His son, Dennis, gets slapped across his head and there are many people there that witness it. Becuase Datong did this in public it allows the entire situation to escalade because it is mistaken for abuse in other peoples eyes.After this situation Dennis gets sick and his grandfather gives him a gua sha treatment, which is a very common Chinese remedy for people who are ill.After gua sha is administered, it leaves very distinct marks on a person's back, but it is completely painless.Dennis is later taken to the hospital, and the nurses and doctors examining him and find very large and distinct marks on his back that they believe are from abuse.They immediately call social services and Dennis is then taken away from Datong and Jianing.At this point no one asked Dennis' parents what the marks were or where they came from.There was an immediate assumption that is was child abuse and that Datong and Jianing were abusing their son.This assumption is a very big deal in the United States and is taken very seriously. Write my Essay on Differences in Cultures for me

I believe that misunderstandings different cultures is a very big deal when it comes to things as serious as taking away a child from their home.When the doctors took Dennis away from his parents, they also took away their faith in America.Datong and his wife had been living in America for several years now and have never thought anything like this could possibly ever happen.They felt like they had been a victim in a situation that was never fully investigated.This is a prime example of how a situation can be misunderstood and cause enormous problems due to the arrogance of others.

Are we so fixated on our own culture that we are completely blind to even think that it could be viewed as something else in another culture?I find that people are mistaken for things that they find foreign to what they are used to and this causes things to become misunderstood and misconstrued.This movie shows how easily things can be mistaken for something else in different cultures.This situation with Dennis having had the gau sha treatment done to him is a Chinese tradition which, as an American, I never knew existed.My void as well as the doctors caused this to become very misconstrued and ruined the lives of their family.Personally if I saw those marks on a child I would jump to the same conclusion that the doctors did and think it was child abuse.Because many of us grew up as Americans, I think that we have not yet taken the time to look into other cultures as much as we should.I believe that every person should experience the lifestyle of other culture at least once in their lifetime.By doing this I believe that we would not be so quick to make assumptions about things, such as the gua sha treatment, that we are unfamiliar with.The doctors, Datong's best friend, the court judge as well as many others, didn't even know what the gua sha treatment was, yet they seemed like they already had their minds set once they saw the marks on Dennis' back.They strictly jumped to a conclusion that was inaccurate.This inaccuracy could have ruined Datong's as well as his family's lives if Datong and Jianing were not so persistent in getting Dennis back.By watching this movie it shows how critical it is to not jump to conclusions especially if you in a higher position; such as a court judge or some kind of enforcement (in this case social services).

Before a person can make a judgment on such a important issue of child abuse I think that the other culture should be heavily investigated to avoid any possibilities of being unfair or in this case wrong.In this movie it can be clearly seen that these people involved don't have any knowledge about the Chinese culture.In this movie you can learn that gua sha is a very common remedy that is used to help and heal people that are feeling ill.Gua sha is also demonstrated in this movie to better inform its viewers of what exactly gua sha is.This movie not only illustrates what can happen when other cultures are misinterpreted but it also allows the viewers to better understand the Chinese culture.You can see this in the part where Datongs best friend goes to his grandfather to receive gua sha.He is wondering about the Chinese culture and decides he wants to learn more.He goes and receives gua sha and now better understands the Chinese culture and what gua sha is.When he first had no idea of what gua sha was he was very quick to assume that Dennis was being abused.But after he received gua sha he learned that it is not to harm a person but to heal them.

There are many misunderstanding throughout this entire movie.Because of the diversity in cultures it is very hard to understand that different cultures have very different ways of dealing with things.In The Gua Sha Treatment, I have learned how severe it can be to make assumptions about a culture that I have never experienced.Assumptions can very easily misinterpret a situation and cause unneeded situations that only cause harm to someone.In this movie I have learned that many people are blind to other cultures and therefore we should not be able to make decisions concerning issues we do not understand.By trying to make these kind of decisions it only makes that much more room for an error to occur.

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Little Latrell

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"Little Latrell"

For my case study I chose a very energetic and dynamic subject.His name is Latrell Glass and I am one of his co-teachers in the -year-old classroom at Grace Lutheran Child Development Center, GLCDC, in Twin Lakes, Wisconsin.I chose Latrell because he is the most diverse and interesting student in my classroom.Latrell can be the most laid back and loveable child but he also has many moments were you do not know what has happened to him.Even though Latrell is a general case study he is still quite exciting because of his unpredictable and spontaneous actions.Because of Latrell's age,months, I decided that an interview with him would not get me a lot of information so I based this case study on an interview with his mother and an hour-long observation.

Background/History

A very casual interview was done with Latrell's mother, Michelle Glass.We covered Latrell's background and history.Latrell's parents are married but do not live together.Mom claims that they love each other so much that they don't want to ruin their marriage so they don't live together; "This is the only way it can work."Latrell is a big brother to his 18-month-old sister, Lyric and to the next addition in the family, which will happen in about 4 months.Michelle said she did not know the sex of the little one on the way but would love to have a boy or a girl.Michelle said she just "loves being pregnant."Mom is a 8-year-old Caucasian office assistant while Dad is a 0-year-old African-American ex-pro-football player.He is not on a team anymore because of a severe knee injury that happened before the season started.Michelle claimed the family to be of upper-middle class income, which from outside observations I would agree with her.Mom claims that Latrell has never had any major life experiences; no major travel, no extreme illnesses and no other claims of "not being normal." Write my Essay on Little Latrell for me

Latrell has a very basic daily schedule, which does not seem to change very much.Around 60am Latrell and sister Lyric arrive at Grace Lutheran Child Development Center where they remain until about 515pm.This occurs Monday through Friday every week.Dinner is around 60.After dinner Latrell gets a little free time.This is spent playing alone, with Lyric or with Dad while Mom is cleaning up after dinner.After that free time it is time to get ready to go to bed with a daily bath.Around 80 Latrell is out for the night, ready to start another day at 515 am.During the weekends the bedtime usually is about the same but this is when Latrell sees his Grandmother the most.

Michelle described Latrell as a very "sporty little boy" and also claims that "he will be in some professional sport someday."I observe Latrell on a daily basis playing sports at GLCDC.He can dribble a basketball with great agility and loves to through balls with more accuracy than me.Michelle's final statement was this "At times Latrell can be very difficult to handle.There are days I wish her weren't mine.I don't know where he gets all of his energy but then there are times that Latrell is wonderful.He gives the best hugs."

Observation

I started my observation at 10am while Latrell was in the -year-old room at GLCDC.I walked in and he was standing at the sink washing his hands by himself.The teacher then walked over to him, gave him a paper towel and told him to dry his hands.Latrell jumped off of the stool, dried his hands and threw away the paper towel.Latrell then walked over to a classmate, Darin, and started playing with a car garage.Each child had his own car.While they were playing the teacher told the children it was time to line up on the red line so everyone could go outside.Latrell and Darin continued to play; they did not even acknowledge the fact that the teacher had asked them to do something.The other children were ready to go outside so the teacher walked over to Darin and Latrell, said it was time to go outside and took both of their hands and walked them to the red line on the floor where the children line up.Latrell wined a short little "no" but that was the end of it.By 100 everyone was outside playing on the playground.

At this particular time the -year-olds were the only ones out on the playground.As soon as Latrell got on the playground he walked through the sand to a car that is big enough for a child to sit in.He sat in the car successfully and unsuccessfully tried to push himself through the sand, mostly just pushing backwards with his feet.I believe this is easier to do than to pull yourself with your feet in one of these cars.At 101 Latrell got stuck in the sand and couldn't go any further.He started to wine and was about to start crying because he couldn't move but then he saw what Darin was doing.Latrell got out of the car, walked over to a shovel, picked it up and then walked back to the car.He then started copying Darin by taking sand with the shovel and placing it on top of the car.He would make a little mound and would then push it all of with his shovel so it would cascade off of the top.This went on for about 8 minutes.At this point Latrell took a shovel full of sand and threw it at Darin, getting some sand in his eyes.The teacher marched over, took care of Darin, made sure he was all right and then took Latrell off to the side.It was now 104.Latrell and the teacher sat to talk about what he did.Latrell was kicking, screaming, making a huge fuss.At GLCDC you cannot give a -year-old a time out.You have to sit and talk to them about what they did and how it was wrong.The teacher kept talking to Latrell about how it wasn't nice to hurt out friends and how we shouldn't hurt our friends.Latrell continued to fuss and cry.By now, 106, Latrell was very crabby and tired.The teacher got up to let him go play.He swung his arm at her when she got up and then was told that that is not nice at all and how we may not hit.Latrell stood there for a few moments, rubbing his eyes and wining.You could tell it was almost naptime.

At 101 Latrell decided to go play on the monkey bars.He stepped up the two-step ladder, held on to the first bar and hung there for a few moments.He never swung to the next bar but he could support his weight for quite a while.By 105 Latrell walked over to a basketball that was just sitting there.It is quite amazing at how well he can dribble a basketball.He can dribble the basketball just standing there, walking and running.At some point all of the teachers have commented on how well he can dribble the basketball.We are all convinced he is going to be a basketball player some day.Latrell continued to play with the basketball and then Darin came over to play too.He had his own basketball so they weren't sharing.At 1041 the two of them tried throwing the basketball into the basketball hoop.Latrell wasn't successful.It was a full sized basketball hoop but he tried for a good 4 minutes.At this time, 1045, a different classmate, Rachel, walked over to the two boys playing basketball.Darin's basketball accidentally hit Rachel in the head when he was shooting for the hoop.Rachel started crying.That is when Latrell started saying, "Rachel crying, Rachel crying."He seemed very concerned about her and didn't continue to through the ball until the teacher came over and took her out of the way.

At 104 Latrell put the basketball down and walked to the other side of the playground with Darin.They found a rock about the size of their fists and started throwing it across the playground.The teacher noticed what they were throwing and came over to get it.She took the rock and told them that they may not throw rocks because they could hurt one of our friends.She then took the rock and threw it over the fence.Latrell could not see the rock anymore but continued to stand at the fence crying for it, jumping up and down, flailing his arms around.At 1051 he plopped down on the sand, still a little upset and started to play with the sand, a shovel and a bucket.He scooped the sand into the bucket with the shovel.When the bucket was full he would dump it out and fill it up all over again.This kept him busy until the teacher said it was time to go in for lunch at 1057.Latrell left the bucket and shovel and walked over to the gate to get in line.He took hold of the rope to go back inside and cooperated quite nicely.Latrell walked to the classroom with the rest of the children.At this point it was 1101 and time to change diapers, wash hands and eat lunch.

Interpretation

Right away I knew Latrell was a very physically active child; it was obvious his large motor skills are developing at a very rapid rate."Large motor skills are critical to an individual's development and the enjoyment of life" (Hildebrand, 181, p10). Latrell displayed many large motor skills during the hour-long observation.The most obvious large motor skill he displayed was the ability to dribble and throw a basketball.Throughout my research I did not find any statements stating that the agility that Latrell displayed was either 'average' or 'above average.'With my experience working with children I would state that Latrell's large motor skills are above the average range of a 'normal' -year-old.Other large motor skill that Latrell displayed was the ability to climb on the monkey bars.Even though he did not cross the monkey bars he was able to climb the ladder and hold up his own weight while holding onto the first bar with both hands.

I also made an observation about Latrell's fine motor skills.The Quick Study Early Childhood Reference Guide states that "a two to three year old should have the fine motor skills of learning to coordinate movement with wrist, fingers, and palm, builds a tower of 8 cubes, and washes, and dries hands" (Quick , 1).Latrell displayed the ability to wash and dry his hands and he also showed his movement with his wrist, fingers and palm.This was apparent while Latrell was playing with Darin before the class went out side.Latrell was playing with a car in a car garage.He moved the car along the track with one hand.I did not observe Latrell tying his shoe or writing with a crayon or pencil during this observation so I have to come to the conclusion from this one hour long observation that Latrell's fine motor skills are average.

Latrell's cognitive development was also seen during this observation.Latrell made small phrases, spoke to his friends and teachers and displayed when he didn't like something.Latrell is very good at calling his friends by their names.When Latrell saw that another classmate, Rachel, was crying he pointed out that Rachel was crying.He didn't just say "her" or "she" but instead spoke her name.The Quick Study Early Childhood Reference Guide states "identifying friends by their name is a cognitive development stage of two and three year olds" (Quick, 1).Another form of cognitive development that Latrell displayed was part of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development.Latrell knew that the rock that was thrown over the fence was still there.He knew that it just didn't disappear.Our textbook, Educational Psychology, states that this is object permanence.Object permanence is the "understanding that objects exist in the environment whether the baby perceives them or not" (Woolfolk, 001, 0).Piaget placed this ability in the Sensorimotor Stage, ages 0- years, of his own Stages of Cognitive Development. (Woolfolk, 001, 1).After observing Latrell's behavior I believe that he is at the average stage of cognitive development for a -year-old.

The next developmental group is social/emotional development.Latrell is extremely emotional.He can go from hugging you one minute and the next minute he will be kicking another classmate."A basic emotional development for a -year-old is the ability to express a wide range of emotions" (Hildebrand, 181, 41).His mother even sated that he "gives the best hugs" but she also says that there are days she wishes "he weren't hers".Socially, I believe that Latrell is developing quite well.For the most part Latrell is playing with other children but also has time to himself.He will walk over to other classmates to join his/her activity.When Latrell is doing an activity by himself he usually lets another classmate join when they want to.Once again I would come to the conclusion that Latrell is at the average development of a -year-old in the social/emotional stage.

Overall, Latrell is a wonderful, slightly talented while also average -year-old.He may excel in his physical abilities while he is about average in other developmental stages.From my observation the only thing special or different about Latrell is himself.

References

Hildebrand, Verna (181). Introduction to Early Childhood Education (rd ed).New York Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Quick Study Reference Guide Early Childhood, ages two through four. (1). BarCharts, Inc.

Woolfolk, Anita (001). Cognitive Development and Language, Educational Phsychology (8th ed., pp. -61). Massachusetts Allyn and Bacon.

Woolfolk, Anita (001). Personal, Social, and Emotional Development, Educational Phsychology (8th ed., pp. -61). Massachusetts Allyn and Bacon.

Please note that this sample paper on Little Latrell is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Little Latrell, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Little Latrell will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Fair Trading act 1986

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Fair Trading act 1986. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Fair Trading act 1986 paper right on time.

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With specific regard to the Fair Trading Act 186, contrary to many opinions retailers or suppliers have the right and power to decline sale of any particular good or service.To explain this belief this paper will firstly, outline the relevant law in regard to declining sale.Secondly, the general public belief that retailers cannot decline sale will be explained.Finally, this paper will use real life scenarios and relevant case law to explain why retailers or suppliers do in fact possess the power to decline sale.

Firstly, we must establish the relevant law in which the "right to refuse sale" arises.The Fair Trading Act currently stands as such

SECTION

No person shall, in trade, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.

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SECTION 1

1(1) [Prohibition] No person shall, in trade, advertise for supply at a specified price goods or services which that person -

(a) Does not intend to offer for supply; or

(b) Does not have reasonable grounds for believing can be supplied by that person

At that price for a period that is, and in quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of the market in which the person carries on business and the nature of the advertisement.

1() [Advertiser must offer] Any person who has advertised goods or services for supply at a specified price shall offer such goods or services for supply at that price for a period that is, and in quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of the market in which the person carries on business and the nature of the advertisement.

Generally, the Fair Trading Act covers "misleading or deceptive conduct, and false representations in trade".Although, in our case Section 1 is specifically helpful in proving retailers or suppliers can in fact decide to decline sale.Section 1 can be broken into two specifically important aspects.Firstly, Section 1(1) states, "Can't advertise at a price a thing you don't intent to sell, or do not have reasonable grounds to believe it can be supplied".Secondly, Section 1() states, "If advertising a specific price, must have quantities reasonable enough, having regard to the nature of the market and nature of the advertisement".

A common perspective throughout the public is that, "suppliers or retailers should not be able to refuse consumers sale of any particular advertised good".The truth is that, retailers often do decline sale because they don't have the advertised good and quite possibly never intended to sell it.This situation often arises when a retailer uses"Bait advertising"."Bait advertising" is illegal and described as, "buying a different product from a particular trader whom you would have not have otherwise gone to if it weren't for a particular advertisement" and thus, the honest trader and ultimately the consumer losses.This process involves "Bait and switch"

ɨ Get the consumer into the store

ɨ Switch them to another product

Furthermore, Section (1) of the Act out lines other illegal excuses retailers sometimes use to decline sale.These include

ɨ "Is for sale, but not for you!" = No Breach

ɨ "Does not exist" = Breach

ɨ "Dose exist but not for sale" = Breach

Ultimately, using "bait advertising" or various other unethical techniques outlined above to decline sale, is "misleading and deceptive behavior".Therefor, a retailer or supplier can not decline sale, and if they do should be in breach of Section () of the Fair Trading Act.

At this stage it seems very difficult to understand how a retailer or supplier could ever legally decline sale.However, lets assume a couple of particular scenarios to establish a broader perspective.Firstly, let's suppose your business involved selling T-shirts at a local fair every Saturday.The business had a consistent client base on which you could accurately predict how much stock was needed.Secondly, lets suppose you decided to create a web site designed to supply the entire country with your T-shirts.Finally, let's say you were flooded with orders and couldn't supply all the necessary T-shirts.By this happening you would have changed the nature of the market and advertisement (S1 ()).Therefore, you as a trader should have foreseen this rapid increase in sales and predicted stock as necessary and therefore breaching Sectionand 1 of the Fair Trading Act.In the apparent scenario, this result seems unreasonable and nearly impossible to comply with.Thus, there are various ways around this and ultimately the right to decline sale.Firstly, exemption could involve, showing "stock levels" on the website itself, viewable to all possible consumers.This would inform the consumer that there is a possibility of the retailer being unable to supply the product and legally allow the retailer the right to decline sale.The stock level dose not have to be exact, an estimate is sufficient.For example, "be quick supplies limited".Secondly, a further exemption may include "running out of stock".However, this particular defence is usually attributed to produce goods (goods which are restocked regularly such as Fruit).Therefore, from this particular scenario we see that it is entirely possible for a retailer or supplier to legally decline sale.Furthermore, lets assume another scenario, suppose a minor or intoxicated person walked into your alcohol store or bar demanding to be served.If served, these persons could become sick, violent or even worse, you might be presented with a substantial fine.It is entirely unconventional and/or unethical to suggest suppliers should be forced to sell to anyone in either of these examples.Furthermore, the Sale of Liquor Act forbids such an act and deems it illegal.Therefore, again we see it is entirely possible for a retailer or supplier to decline sale. Overall, on closer analysis of realistic scenarios we discover that retailers and suppliers do in fact possess the right to decline sale.

To further emphasise our case, we can acknowledge an important precedent set in the case of Boots Chemist (176).The ratio set in Boots Chemist insinuates that an advertisement is only an "invitation to treat".This means that the customer makes the offer to purchase a good and the retailer of supplier hold the power to accept or decline the offer (similar to buying a house).

In conclusion, with specific regard to the Fair Trading Act, contrary to many opinions retailers or suppliers have the right and power to decline sale of any particular good or service.To explain this belief this paper has firstly, outline the relevant law in regard to declining sale.Secondly, the general public belief that retailers cannot decline sale has been thoroughly explained.Finally, this paper has used real life scenarios and relevant case law to explain why retailers or suppliers do in fact possess the power to decline sale.

Reference List

Fair Trading Act 186

Boots Chemist v Chemist Guild 176 NZ RD45

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Issues regarding Biometrics

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ISSUES REGARDING BIOMETRICS

In America today, it is far too easy to conceal our own identity or assume the identity of another for the purpose of doing wrong. An individual can steal an identity by obtaining some easily discovered pieces of information about a person or by stealing a card or token that is used to identify the individual. To protect our identity, which is crucial in protecting our privacy, there must be a form of identification that cannot be learned, stolen or forged. The only effective means of accomplishing this is the use of biometrics. By using biometrics identifiers such as fingerprints, iris/retina, or facial patterns, a persons identity can be realized. Biometrics identifiers are of course widely used by people to identify each otherone might recognize a friend by the sound of her voice, the color of her eyes, or the shape of her face. Devices using biometrics identifiers attempt to automate this process by comparing the information scanned in real time against an authentic sample stored digitally in a database .

However, deploying biometrics in a mass market, like credit card authorization or bank ATM access, raises additional concerns beyond the security of the transactions. One such concern is the publics perception of a possible invasion of privacy. In addition to personal information such as name and date of birth, the user is asked to surrender images of body parts, such as fingers, face, and iris. These images, or other such biometric signals, are stored in digital form in various databases. This raises the concern of possible sharing of data among law enforcement agencies, or commercial enterprises.

The public is concerned about the ever-growing body of information that is being collected about individuals in our society. The data collected encompass many applications and include medical records and biometric data. A related concern is the coordination and sharing of data from various databases. In relation to biometric data, the public is, rightfully or not; worried about data collected by private companies being matched against databases used by law enforcement agencies. Fingerprint images, for example, can be matched against the FBI or INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) databases with ominous consequences .

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These concerns are aggravated by the fact that a persons biometric data are given and cannot be changed. One of the properties that makes biometrics so attractive for authentication purposestheir invariance over timeis also one of its liabilities. When a credit card number is compromised, the issuing bank can just assign the customer a new credit card number. When the biometric data are compromised, replacement is not possible.

It is somewhat ironic that the greatest strength of biometrics, the fact that the biometrics does not change over time, is at the same time its greatest liability. Once a set of biometric data has been compromised, it is compromised forever. Thus it seems that although the use of biometrics is seen as the of future of security, there are significant privacy and civil liberties issues regarding the use of such devices. From a study conducted by the RAND Biometric Team for the U.S. Army, the following three issues were presented as key concerns of the public with regard to the use of Biometrics. They are information privacy, physical privacy and religious concerns.

Information Privacy - the power to control what others can come to know about you. The most significant informational privacy concerns relate to the threat of function creep and the tracking capabilities of biometrics.

Tracking, which may be thought of as a particular type of function creep, refers to the ability to monitor in real time an individual's actions or to search databases that contains information about these actions. For example, if an individual must use a standard biometric for multiple governmental, business, and leisure transactions of everyday life, it becomes possible that each of these records could be linked through the standardized biometric. This link could allow an entity, such as the government, to compile a comprehensive profile of the individual's actions. This Big Brother concern has been expressed by privacy expert Roger Clarke (14, p. 4)

Any high-integrity identifier [like biometrics] represents a threat to civil liberties, because it represents the basis for a ubiquitous identification scheme, and such a scheme provides enormous power over the populace. All human behavior would become transparent to the state, and the scope for non-conformism and dissent would be muted to the point envisaged by the anti-Utopian novelists .

The possibility of clandestine capture of biometric data increases concerns about Big Brother. For example, facial recognition systems can track individuals without the individual's knowledge or permission. This alone raises ethical concerns. Moreover, the information from tracking can be combined with other personal data, acquired through biometrics or other means, to provide even more insight into an individual's private life.

Anonymity is seen by some as a benefit to illegal activities but there are many aspects of our affairs that many of us would legitimately prefer to keep to ourselves. Health problems, marital concerns, parental history or religious beliefs are features of ourselves that we may prefer not to be widely known .

Tracking of citizens, surveillance societies and loss of autonomy are often associated in our minds with totalitarian governments but even well meaning regimes may use whatever is in their control when they feel the end justifies the means. As an example, the governments of Canada and the United States felt justified in identifying and incarcerating those of Japanese ancestry during the Second World War. These people were at least, in part, identified through the use of census data (CATI). And so the question posed by privacy advocates is, How much more efficiently could this have been accomplished with todays technologies and the myriad of available government databases?It is this general encroachment, often described as "function creep" that they are most concerned about. Function Creep is seen as using information for purposes other than the original purpose for which it was collected.

However, it should be noted that depending on whom it affects and how it affects them, function creep might be seen as desirable or undesirable. For instance, using SSNs to search for a parent who is delinquent with child support payments may be seen as desirable. On the other hand, having a person's digitized state Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) photograph sold to a commercial firm to create a national photo ID database might be considered unacceptable.

Additional purposes can be useful and valuable to society, but ethical concerns arise when biometrics are used beyond their original purpose, without the informed and voluntary consent of the participants. These concerns include whether participants have the right to reassess their participation given the new purpose for the data, the

implications of a decision not to cooperate in providing biometric data, and justification of the new purposes, given the program's original intent (RAND).

The third concern regarding information privacy is the misuse of personal information (data), including the stealing of identities (identity theft). This has become more of a threat as information technology, including electronic commerce, has become ubiquitous. Used in certain ways, biometrics provides greater security because the biometric identifier is much harder to steal or counterfeit. On the other hand, where biometrics are authenticated remotely, that is, by transmission of data from a sensor to a centralized data repository, a hacker might be able to steal, copy, or reverse-engineer the biometric. This misappropriation could also come about through insider misusee.g., the rogue employee. Without proper safeguards, files could be misappropriated and transactions could be performed using other people's identities.

The second key concern of biometrics is Physical Privacy. This also raises three issues the stigma associated with some biometrics, such as fingerprints; the possibility of actual harm to the participants by the technology itself; and the concern that the devices used to obtain or "read" the biometric may be unhygienic.

Stigmatization - In the United States, some individuals and segments of society associate fingerprinting with law enforcement, acts of criminal behavior and oppressive government and as such would not be willing to subject to it.

Actual harm that could be caused by biometric technologies is another area of concern for people.Although the technology may be harmless, the perception of harm may cause users to obstruct the implementation of a program or be reluctant to participate in it.For example, a person whose career depends on his or her eyesight might be greatly concerned about a biometrics program that requires him or her to look in close proximity at a device to have their retina scanned.Others may be concerned that a dismembered limb could be stolen and used to breach a system.

Hygiene and concerns about the cleanliness of sensors also lead to objections to biometrics.People may feel uncomfortable placing their faces against a machine to have their retinas scanned after many others have done so or touching a hand-geometry scanner during flu and cold season.At the same time, it must be noted that the degree to which objections based on physical requirements arise depends on the biometric used.The reluctance and concern would also vary depending on whether the sensor is shared by many (as with a hand-geometry reader at an airport) or used individually (as with a desktop computer fingerprint sensor).

The third and final key concern raised by privacy and civil liberties advocates regarding biometrics is that of a Religious nature. Religious objections have arisen when identification programs have been implemented.For example, certain Christians interpret biometrics to be a "Mark of the Beast". The objection is based on language found in the Bible in the book of Revelation

[The Beast] causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads And that no man might buy or sell, save that he had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. . . . and his number is six hundred, threescore, and six. (Revelation, 11618.)

Certain Christians consider the biometric to be the brand discussed in Revelation and biometric readers as the only means of viewing these brands. Similarly, M. G. "Pat" Robertson, host of "The 700 Club" and founder of The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc., observes that the "Bible says the time is going to come when you cannot buy or sell except when a mark is placed on your hand or forehead." He expresses doubts about biometrics and notes how the technology is proceeding according to Scripture.

In Alabama, groups including the Christian Coalition, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the American Civil Liberties Union, vigorously protested an effort to place a fingerprint biometric on all drivers' licenses.In July 17, Alabama Governor Fob James, Jr., stopped the proposed program because of these objections. However, five other statesCalifornia, Texas, Colorado, Hawaii, and Georgiarequire a driver to provide a fingerprint on the driver's license, without significant public opposition.In West Virginia and the District of Columbia, providing a fingerprint for the license is optional.

Although the concerns of privacy advocates regarding biometrics are valid, these concerns can largely be alleviated with the creation of laws, enforcement agencies and monitoring to ensure that the government and corporations do not misuse the data. We do not live in an authoritarian country, but rather a democracy with numerous checks and balances. The key to preventing the loss of our liberty and autonomy is not to prevent the spread of technology, but rather to ensure that it is used properly and in a transparent nature. The development of biometrics should be treated similarly to the development of genetics. It is for the good of society that we learn how to use these technologies, but it needs to be done with observation from government and private watchdog groups to ensure that the technology is not abused.

References

Clarke, Roger. (001) "Biometrics and Privacy" Principal, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra at http//www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Biometrics.html

Clarke, Roger. "Human Identification in Information Systems Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues". Information Technology & People. MCB University Press Ltd. Volume 7 Number 4, 14

Cooper Advanced Technologies Inc (CATI). "Biometrics - Privacy Concerns" http//www.catech.com/biometrics.htm#4

Ratha N. K., Connell J. H. and Bolle R. M. "Enhancing Security and Privacy in Biometrics-based Authentication Systems", IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 40.#, 001

RAND Biometric Team. "Army Biometric Applications Identifying and Addressing Sociocultural Concerns". Arroyo Center. U.S. Army DISC 4

Robertson, Pat. "Biometrics Chipping Away Your Rights?" Christian Broadcasting Network, October , 15

Stamper, Chris. Fighting the Fingerprints, CNN.com, July 4, 17

Please note that this sample paper on Issues regarding Biometrics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Issues regarding Biometrics, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college paperson Issues regarding Biometrics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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John Greenleaf Whittier

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John Greenleaf Whittier

John Greenleaf Whittier was once a national treasure and his creations were once a motivation for curriculums in schools.His poetry is an inspiration to Quakers and anyone who has a passion for the Anti-slavery movement.He was one of the most outspoken abolitionists among his generation.John Greenleaf Whittier dedicated his life to creating literature and was vastly important in influencing social action.

John Whittier's early life was one of labor and quenching a thirst for writing.He was born into a Quaker, farming family on the17th of December 1807.Whittier lived in Haverhill, Massachusetts along with his mother, father, two sisters and a brother.All five of them worked on the farm but it was not a profitable one.Their economy was quite strict but they managed to live very well.When Whittier was allowed to attend school he first became interested in poetry.According to John Whittier in "Whittier's Autobiography in Letter Form," "my first school-master, Joshua Coffin, brought with him to our house a volume of Burns' poems…which had a lasting influence upon me and I began to make rhymes myself, and to imagine stories and adventures" (1).Fourteen was when he first became interested in poetry other than that found in the Bible (Whittier ).Whittier's family was very supportive of his interests in writing and somewhat 'pushy' in the matter.His older sister sent one of his poetical attempts to the editor of

Sturgill

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"Poet's Corner" and to their great surprise, his poem appeared in the next edition.At this point in his life his father needed him on the farm and so he was no longer attending school.Whittier's uncle saw the importance of his education and convinced the family to send him back. Whittier then attended Haverhill Academy for six months only to return to the farm to work for his father.When his brother moved to Dover, NH Whittier sold the farm and moved his mother to Amesbury, MA; Whittier moved to Pennsylvania due to its appeal of being the center for abolitionist activity.

Poetry truly was Whittier's calling and it was deeply inspired by many other writers of his time.Robert Burns was the instigator of his love for poetry and also inspired Whittier to write in verse.His first real chance to do something with his writing career came in 18 when an invitation came welcoming Whittier "to take charge of the Hartford (Ct.) "Review" in the place of the famous George D. Prentice" (Whittier ).He accepted the invitation and stayed almost two years.His mother summoned him home and he arrived only in time to see his father before he passed away.Whittier was forced to take over the farm for quite some time but was aided by his mother and sister.His first poem was "The Exile's Departure" which was published by William Lloyd Garrison in 186.Garrison persuaded him to continue his education through twelfth grade and then he supported himself as a teacher and shoemaker.Garrison was who drove Whittier into a life of politics later in life.Poetry was not the only creative writing he was capable of; he created over 100 hymns "which's talent was only surpassed by Longfellow" (erols.com ).As a member of the Society of Friends he was educated extensively to regard slavery as "a great and dangerous evil" and his sympathies "were strongly enlisted

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for the oppressed slaves by (my) intimate acquaintance with William Lloyd Garrison" (erols.com 4).In 18 he was a delegate to the first National Anti-Slavery Convention in Philadelphia.A year later he took charge of the "Pennsylvania Freeman" which was an "organ of the Anti-Slavery Society" (Whittier 5).Whittier never received anything for his poetry or literary articles because of his unyielding views of the anti-slavery movement.His work was of "New England's life, history and legend" and was commonly steered towards New Hampshire due to their bold stand against slavery (kimopress.com 4).Whittier's "first authorized collection of poems" was published in 188 (kimopress.com 5).His next release of poetical works was in 1864 and it was called "Snow Bound."His poetry was not coming so easily anymore which was mostly due to the death of Lincoln; he couldn't think, write of do anything anymore because he was so shocked.This practically ended with "Legends of New England and "Moll Pitcher."By this time Whittier had no family left and his heath was also deteriorating.He ventured to New Hampshire to live the rest of his life in fighting the evils of anti-slavery; he did this successfully for 5 more years.

Slavery was one of the core controversies of Whittier's time.He was an advocate of the anti-slavery movement in every way.He was known mostly due to his ideals on slavery rather than his poetry.According to Robinson in "John G. Whittier," "his abilities as an abolitionist surpassed his abilities as a poet" (7).As an abolitionist, he wanted every to know what he thought so he wrote "Justice and Expediency" and in this, he declared himself an abolitionist.This brought up a great deal of hullabaloo as to whether readers liked or disliked his works and was also his way into the position of a

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"prominent figure" in the anti-slavery movement.Among all of his writing and arranging campaigns against slavery he managed to help Hale into office. This was exceedingly important because he was also completely for anti-slavery and this was one of the more minor turning points in the movement to end slavery.Garrison's influence upon his life early on led him to where Whittier is now.He was the co-founder of the Liberty party, which was a "political action group of the Abolitionist party" (Robinson 7).Whittier once said to Garrison, "we have to undo the accumulated wrongs of two centuries, to unmake the manhood which slavery has well-nigh unmade."Whittier always took it upon himself to be the one man who would abolish slavery.For example anonymous explains in "John Greenleaf Whittier," he was the "most outspoken abolitionist among the poets of his generation…was a contributor to his illness" that eventually killed him (1).He spent most of his life aiding the movement to end slavery and lived to see its termination.John Whittier died in Hampton Falls, NH in 18 having devoted his being to the exile of slavery and assisting newspapers and writers with his moral and virtuous poetry and hymns. Sturgill 6

Bibliography

Fraser, G. S.John Greenleaf Whittier.Volume VI.New York Scribners, 18.

John Greenleaf Whittier. 17 December 001. http//www.kimopress.com/whittier.htm

John Greenleaf Whittier. 0 October 00. http//www.questia.com/.

Kelly, John Ed.John Greenleaf Whittier.Volume I.Oxford Clearendon Press, 186.

Robinson, comp.John G. Whittier. 18.http//www.seacoastnh.com/blackhistory/

Whittier.html.

The Life of John Whittier.7 August 00. users.erols.com/kfraser/authors/

Whittier.html.

Whittier's Autobiography, in Letter Form.5 June 00. http//www.spartacus.

Schoolnet.co.uk/USASwhittier.htm.

Works of John Greenleaf Whittier.00. http//www.encyclopedia.com/.

Please note that this sample paper on John Greenleaf Whittier is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on John Greenleaf Whittier, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paperson John Greenleaf Whittier will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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FTP Tutorial

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FTP Commands by NightSoft

Introduction

The FTP is a service that has been around since 17 when it was finally (after a lot of proposed ideas about File

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Transfer Mechanisms) completed. The main objectives of the FTP are (as defined in the Rfc 5) 1) Promote sharing

of file (computer programs or data) ) to shield an user for variation in file storage systems among hosts ) to

transfer data reliably and effitiently.

FTP

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, this protocol runs on port 1 and allows users with valid accounts

to upload and download files. This protocol was designed thinking in a Client/server model, so the user would be

able to use it from a terminal. To use it the User invoke an FTP client, just typing FTP (Windows Users should

type FTP at the Command Prompt of in theRunwindow atStart(easy heh... ) ) ...yeah windows has it...

you didnt know..?? dont worry there a bunch of guys out there just like you...they dont even know this exist.

OK..cool you found the FTP now you must get an FTP Server...go to google and search for one ..i dont know..

heh..??what did i just heard ?? you dont know what google is...damn..!! you are a special case of Lamenessj/k ) .

KOOL...you found an FTP address...ok To connect to a FTP-server you must type open FTP Address or FTP Ftp Server

(with out the quotes you lamer..j/k )) thats all you must know by now...learn more before you continue....so go on

reading and dont close that FTP session...you will use it later.

This server you just connected (the Address you just got... homie), is responsible for verifying the autenticity of the

users who connect to the system, perform the instructions requested by the users and enforcing the security of the system.

The commands allow you to browse in the remote system and copy, delete or create files, but only if you have granted access.

To start an FTP session you must have a registered NAME and Password. In Public FTP-Servers the Admins create an Anonymous

Account. To access the server just type Anonymous or Guest when it ask you for a login name, then the server (if works)

will ask you to type any stupid shit, like your mail (try to fake one)....some servers will ask you for a VALID mail,(oops

now you cant fake it...put someones mail address instead) some Anonymous servers dont even need a password.

ok...now i will list some of the FTP commands... if you wanna start to use that FTP session...it will be great if you learn

this commands and practice with them

! -Escape to the shell

? -Print local help information

Append - Append to a file

Ascii -Set ascii tranfer type (For text)

Bell - Beep when command completed

Binary - Set binary transfer type (For Bynary files....programs, ZipFiles ....)

bye -Terminate Ftp session and exit

cd - Change remote working directory (on the server)

Close -Terminate Ftp session

Delete - Delete remote file

Debug -Toggle debigging mode

dir -List contents of remote directory

get -Receive file

glob - Toggle metacharacter expansion of local file names

hash - Toggle printing # for each buffer transferred

lcd -Change local working directory

literal -Send arbitrary Ftp command

ls - List contents of remote directory

mdelete -Delete multiple files

mdir - List content of multiple remote directories

mget - Get multiple files

mkdir -Make directory on the remote machine

mls -List contents of multiple remote directories

mput - Send multiple files

open - Connect to remote tftp

prompt - Force interactive prompting on multiple commands

put -Send one file

pwd -Print working directory on remote machine

quit - Terminate ftp session and exit

quote -Send arbitrary ftp command

recv - Receive file

remotehelp - Get help from remote server

rename - Rename file

rmdir -Remove directory on the remote machine

Send - Send one file

status - Show current status

trace -Toggle packed tracing

type - Set file transfer type

user - Send new user information

Verbose -Toggle verbose mode

Now you know what some commands do... for the lamers that still dont understand anything, i will use an example to show how is the enviroment in the account. The ftp commands will vary among operative systems, so if you noticed some commands of your box arent similar to these ones, i suggest that you type help and try to see whats their use. That will help you because now that you have this list of commands and their use...you can compare it to the commands of your box.

The comunication between the user and the server is intendent to be an alternating dialogue...so when you type a command you

should wait to the server responds with a reply. Therere some comands that will bring up two replies instead one. The FTP

replies consists of adigit number followed by sometext. I will list some examples below

- - Replies - -

00 PORT comand successful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for File List

6 Transfer Complete

Now...look it has a -digit number and a text line. Each action will bring up different replies of course. These numbers

represents differents codes. i will list now some numbers and their code..

00 - Command Ok

500 - Syntax error, command unrecognized

50 - Command not implemented

I can keep writing codes and codes but it would be too fing long and this is just to teach you basic FTP. OK the example..

I already told you how get to the FTP prompt so i will assume that you are in the FTP Session...

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

ok this is kind of stupid but i will explain it... i just told to the FTP to connect to the server Hax0rz.lt.uk..

after you get connected, if the connection process succedd...you will get something like this..

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

Connected to Hax0rz.lt.uk

0 Hax0rz.lt.uk FTP Server VersionReady.

User Hax0rz.lt.uknone

I will asume that you dont have an account on the FTP server...if thats the case then you will type Anonymous (without

the coutes), this will let you work in the FTP server in the Anonymous account. This accounts often have a lot of restrictions as you will see.

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

Connected to Hax0rz.lt.uk

0 Hax0rz.lt.uk FTP Server VersionReady.

User Hax0rz.lt.uknone Anonymous

1 Guest login ok, send your email address as password

Password

ok...if thats your case you can type any shit you want...and go on..

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

Connected to Hax0rz.lt.uk

0 Hax0rz.lt.uk FTP Server VersionReady.

User Hax0rz.lt.uknone Anonymous

1 Guest login ok, send your email address as password

Password

0 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply

Remote system type is UNIX

Using binary mode to transfer files

ftp

ok now we are connected to the server, now you must start to use the commands i listed above.

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 6

dr--r--r-- 0551 Oct001 bin

dr--r--r-- 0551 Nov 1 001 etc

drwxr-xr-r7 0551 Jul 18 001 pub

6 Transfer Complete

ftp

What i just did was tell to the server to list the directories (/bin../etc../pub). The directories are the text after the

date. If you use dir instead of ls you will receive the same message. Lets give a try...

ftpdir

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 6

dr--r--r-- 0551 Oct001 bin

dr--r--r-- 0551 Nov 1 001 etc

drwxr-xr-x7 0551 Jul 18 001 pub

6 Transfer Complete

ftp

Yup..we got the same message, as you saw dir and ls are the same commands but with differents names...if you ever have

used Linux you will notice that this is the same command used to list files and directories...the same its for windows, dir

is the command used to list files and directories. I think this is to give more ease to the windows and Linux users.

Now lets try to enter to /etc...

ftpcd etc

550 etcPermission Denied

ftp

Now lets take a look carefully...I guess you must be thinking DENIED wtf??...remember when I told you This accounts

(anonymous) often have a lot of restrictions as you will see.../etc its a main directory in nix machines and the system

in the server is !! UNIX !!... how in the hell I know?? you must be asking...well look carefully the login propmt, after the

Password line...Remote system type is UNIX

I wanted make this clear for the Windows users that dont know shit about nix.. I know the nix users as soon as they saw the directories the knew it was a nix OS.

OK now lets try /bin..

ftpbin

550 binPermission Denied.

ftp

yup...same message...thats another main directory in nix machines...the admins make this because they dont want any user get

access to this directories...in here are stored a lot of info about the users and the server. Now lets try the last directory

in the list /pub...

ftpcd pub

CWD command succesful

ftp

OK...it seems the admins only gave access to /pub to the Anonymous users...now lets see what they have in here...

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 14

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 1401 doc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Oct 17 006 misc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 140 palm

drwxr-xr-x7 05 156 Jul 17 1856 unix

drwxr-xr-x4 05 156 Nov8 008 Windows

6 Transfer complete

ftp

I think you now can distinguish the directories in the last example, but i will list them in case you still dont.

/doc

/misc

/palm

/unix

/windows

ok..lets try to access the first directory /doc...

ftpcd doc

CWD command succesful

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 4

dr-xr-xr-x 054818 Jul 18 1401 rfc

You know what I just did, I dont have to tell you again...it seems they just have 1 directory here with Rfcs...its great

because now I will show how to download a text file...if you dont know whats an Rfc...go to google I wont tell you; lets

say its a text file. ok..

ftpcd rfc

CWD command succesful

ftpls

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 1010 Mar 1000 rfc.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 17050 Mar 1000 rfc0.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 85 Mar 1000 rfc1.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 054587 Mar 1000 rfc.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 5468 Mar 1000 rfc.txt

6 Transfer complete

ftp

ok now lets talk about transfer types...in FTP therere two transfer types ASCII and BINARY. The ASCII is used to

tansfer text and BINARY is used for binary files (.exe, .zip ...).By Default FTP uses the ASCII transfer mode. Now we

want to transfer a text file so we will set the ASCII mode. And we will download the rfc.txt. (The ASCII mode is

enabled so you dont have to set it...but you are learning...so do it anyway !!) )

ftpascii

00 Type set to A

ftpget rfc.txt

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for rfc.txt 1010 bytes.

6 Transfer complete

1010 bytes received in 1.8 secs (.15 Kbytes/sec)

ftp

Now we will change the local directory where we want the downloaded files arrive..

ftplcd

Local directory now CProgram Files

ftplcd C

Local directory now C

If you type just lcd it will show you the local working directory, but If you type lcd and a new local path, it will

set the new local path as the working directory. Above I cheked the working directory and then I changed the local path,

you dont have to necessarily check the local path to set a new one, I just did it for an example. Now we will go back two

directories and access the /pub again. We will use the pwd command to see the FTP directory.

ftpcd ..

50 CWD Command succesful

ftppwd

57 /pub/doc is the current directory

ftp

ok we got back one directory /pub/doc...to the next example we will think we are still in /pub/doc/rfc....ok?? remember

this so you dont get lost...ok..okso we are at /pub/doc/rfc

ftpcd ../..

50 CWD Command succesful

ftppwd

57 /pub is the current directory

ftp

cool..now we got back two directories, instead to type cd .. twice we typed the periods with the first ones...that brought

us two directories back. Now we will try to get access /misc and dowload the .zip file you will find in there. (Remember

we are in /pub now)

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 14

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 1401 doc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Oct 17 006 misc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 140 palm

drwxr-xr-x7 05 156 Jul 17 1856 unix

drwxr-xr-x4 05 156 Nov8 008 Windows

6 Transfer complete

ftpcd misc

50 CWD Command succesful

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 876

-r-xr-xr-x1 0 51010 Nov001 FixSirc.com

-r-xr-xr-x1 10011001 17050 Feb 00 intel_0_aniv.psd

-r-xr-xr-x1 0 585 Sep 0001 nimda4.exe

-r-xr-xr-x1 0 544647 Sep 0001 nimdascn.zip

6 Transfer complete

ftp

ok...we found the .zip file, now to download this file we must set the transfer type to BINARY and then do it...

ftpBinary

00 Type set to I

ftpget nimdascn.zip

localnimdascn.zip remotenimdascn.zip

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open BINARY mode data conection for nimdascn.zip 44647 bytes

6 Transfer Complete

44647 bytes received in 0.1 secs (15 Kbytes/sec)

ftpbye

1 Goodbye

C

ok thats all...you know the basic if you wanna learn more explore ftp sites and try the commands we didnt use here...I hope

you had learned the basic of FTP...and keep learning and reading, it will help you a lot.. P

If you have any comments (not Spam or Flames please)regarding this tutorial email me at Mains4@hotmail.com or find me on

MIRC at #lameindustries or #MindFuk..irc.root.gg - - - - This is the server...you lamers (its a joke) )

irc.lt.ws

Soft®

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The Tuskegee Airmanwill always be the most influential air squadron during WWII.I believe this because there where a lot racist people that did not want them to succeed, but they did more than just succeed.They became the first black Airforce pilots.It all started when President Roosevelt arranged a meeting in September 140 with three African-American leaders and members of the Army and Navy. During the meeting, the leaders emphasized three points first, equal opportunity for jobs in the defense industry, second, impartial administration of the new draftlaw, and finally an opportunity for qualified blacks to learn to fly in desegrated units. A few days after the meeting, the War Department issued a policy stating that black men would be generally admitted into the armed force in numbers equivalent to their percentage in the civilian population.It was not until a couple months after the meeting in December 140, that the Army Air Corps submitted a plan for the experiment to establish an all-black fighter squadron.

The plan was made official July 1, 141 when Major General Walter Weaver, commander of the U.S. Army's Southeastern Air Corps spoke at the Tuskegee Institute Campus. It was then that 1 black men became the first black pilot trainees. Most of the trainees were college graduates, including a policeman, an army officer, a factory inspector, and several young men who were fresh out of college.The men of this first squadron were so smart that they established a grade point average never equaled before or after their training.A few miles from the Tuskegee Campus, two air fields were built for the training of the new cadets.About six miles from the fields was the town of Tuskegee. It was very hostile toward blacks, especially its sheriff.The first trainer plane used by the squadron was the PT- 17.It was a biplane with unretractable landing gear. The instructor rode with the cadet during the first practice, whether the trainee knew how to fly or not.Before the cadets could earn their wings, they had to complete three phases of the training.These were the primary, basic and advanced courses.In the primary and basic, the cadets would have ground school classroom courses and flying lessons. In the advanced, the cadets would concentrate on military flying.On September , 141, Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. became the first black man to officially solo an aircraft as an officer of the Army Air Corps.Soon afterward the United States declared war on the Axis powers.It was not until July , 14 that the fourth class of the Tuskegee Institute graduated.The men of this class became the cadets that would fill the th squadron, which became the first black squadron of the Army Air Corps. Joining the pilots in the th were 14 other officers who provided support services and commanded the 5 enlisted men who serviced the planes.In nine months to a year, they had mastered skills the Air Force said should require at least five years.The th then perfected their skills in the P-40, the plane they would fly in combat.After receiving word from their officers, in October 14, the Inspector General of the Third Air Force said the th was in excellent condition and was ready for immediate departure.

Finally on April 1, 14, over a year after the graduation of the first class, word came "moving out."The next day the th climbed aboard a train that would take them to New York where they would board a troop ship.While being at their first camp in Oved, Nija they received their P-40l War Hawks and were joined by white pilots who did not care for the color of their skin. The first missions using these planes were destroying ground targets and escorting bombers.While escorting bombers, they were ordered never to pursue an enemy.But on June , 14, members of the th were escorting a group of 1 bombers. They were attacked by 4 German Me-10's.Eight of the members stayed and escorted the bombers home. The other 4 pursued the Germans and almost lost the th's status as a battle-ready fighter squadron.

The next year in the middle of January, the th moved to Capodichino Airfield, near Naples on the western coast of Italy.There the squadron supported the battle of Anzio.The th was then allowed to attack the Germans and made five kills.Then finally, the th got its action in the war.They arrived in Italy in early February of 144. Their first assignment was to patrol Italy's western coast.Then in late May, the th joined other fighter groups in General Eaker's 15th Air force at Ramitelli. It was not until June , 144, three days after D-day that the th got their first important mission. The mission was to escort B-17 and B-4 bombers to destroy factories in Munich, Germany.As they neared Munich, they were alerted that enemy planes were approaching the bombers from the rear. They were ordered to go get the enemies.They made five kills and had only one loss.The bombers accomplished their mission and told Colonel Davis when they got back to base that their formation flying and escort is the best they had ever seen.In that same month Lieutenant Gwynne Pierson and Captain Wendall Pruitt received the Distinguished Flying Cross for their never before seen kills.They sank two enemy destroyers with only bullets.Some people did not believe them but when the photos from the wing cameras were developed, they had no reason not to believe the two pilots.

The Allies were about to begin a new offensive in southern France, and planned to invade the region on August 15. Now that the war had moved north, the Allies needed southern French ports as entry points for troops and supplies. Assisting in the effort to reduce resistance to Allied invaders, the th escorted bombers sent to attack submarine docks, bridges, airfields, and radar stations.After a few months of duty they were honored in a full dress ceremony with the 15th Air Force band and troops passing in the review, four pilots were presented with the Distinguished Flying Cross. General Davis pinned the medal on his son, honored for his leadership of one of the first bomber escort missions to Munich, during which five enemy planes were shot down.During most of January 145, the thwas kept in by the rain and the snow.The Squadron only flew 11 missions. The weather improved in February which led them tomissions.As the pilots flew around Germany, all they saw was smoke coming from the piles of debris.

But it was not until 148 that President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order. This order eventually ended segregation in the US military.The Tuskegee Airman were and always will be the most influential fighter unit during WWII.They went through much opposition and many ignorant minds to prove that they were just as good if not better then any other fighter unit during the second world war.

Bibliography Bilbiography #1.Mckissack, Patricia and Fredrick Red Tail Angles United StatesWalker Publishing Company, 15. #.Harris, Jacqueline The Tuskegee Airman New Jersey Dillon Press,16. #.Hart Philip S. Fly Free Minneapolis,Minnesota Lerner Publications Company,1. #4.Rose Robert A. Lonely Eagles Los Angelos,CA Tuskegee Airman Inc. #5. "Tuskegee AirmanA Brief History" Tuskegee Airman November 6,1

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