September 25, 2020

Quiet Talks on Writing from Sources

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Quiet Talks on Writing from Sources


I read and respond to about 1800 student essays per calendar year. Most of the them are papers based upon assigned reading. Autopsies of students writing usually yield one conclusive result--writing can fail at two levels, the strategy--planning level, or the presentation level .


Unfortunately, writing teachers, and self-help books often focus on the presentation level. This is understandable because it is the most observable level, but by tackling problems at the presentation level, we are generally treating the symptoms rather than the problems.Presentation problems are easily identified and treated with feedback, practice, and coaching. Often just mentioning a distracting habit, such as grammar, punctuation, or sentence structure will motivate student writers to monitor and eliminate those tendencies.


The Strategy--Planning Level


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The key to better writing lies in the strategy--planning stage. In fact, many presentation level problems, such as unclear ideas, inadequate development, or faulty mechanics are the result of faulty planning.Better style, emphasis, and diction, however, can never salvage a paper that is constructed around faulty interpretation or an illogical thesis.


Strategy or planning problems are harder to detect and eliminate, and often go unnoticed by inexperienced observers, especially students revising to clean up the paper.While planning problems are more difficult to spot, that does not mean they are not real.They are what lie behind many ineffective attempts at writing and are often the reason why some students do everything right (at the presentation level) and still write ineffectively.Many students stare long and hard at assigned reading; they can remember and quote statistics and facts, but can never seem to put all of the pieces together.


Three specific manifestations of this syndrome are prevalent. First, is the inability to deal with a written text in terms of the kind of writing it is (genre). Many students would have difficulty stating the differences between a narrative, a poem, and an essay. Writing about a narrative, (fictional or fact), without knowing that story writers often use metaphors, similes, and other conventions of narrative is a premature step. Moreover, understanding that magazine or journal articles are usually explanatory in nature is to risk missing the point.Writers use different strategies for writing stories than those writing informational or persuasive articles, and we must use different strategies when approaching them.


Expository writing appeals to our rational intellect, and aims to give us a grasp of the facts. Accordingly, it consists mostly of propositional statements. It expresses truth directly and requires a minimum of interpretation. Such writing is said to be referential; it exists to point beyond itself to a body of information.


When an article or text is expository in form, we should look primarily for a structure of ideas, and most importantly, we must think in paragraphs when reading exposition. It is not so much the individual sentence that conveys meaning, but the entire paragraph.


Secondly, a text written to explain or impart information is often occasion-specific. It is usually prompted by specific occasions. Most of the articles in magazines and journals today are addressed to specific audiences about specific problems or circumstances, and the writers ideas must not be pressed into contexts for which they were not intended.Because many articles speak of a specific time or situation in an authors life, it may be necessary to reconstruct the historical context. Once we have faced the texts historical moment, we are better prepared to apply its ideas to those being discussed today.


Equally symptomatic of an inability to come to grips with a written text is the failure to grasp the big idea--the idea that controls the discussion, and around which everything thing else is constructed. Ineffective writing tends to focus on isolated facts and present readers with a series of unrelated facts.We start the search for the big idea with the title and highlighted sections. After that look for what is repeated--words and ideas, and also for space allocation. These are tips to what the author is trying to get across.


The third symptom is easily identifiable as the tendency to escape the text and deal with extraneous material outside the text itself.The culture, the author, and background material become the primary focus. Writers who do not talk about the main idea talk about other things, but fail to deal with the text itself, which leads to another issue--excessive confidence in published materials.


Excessive Confidence in Published Materials


Writers can never write effectively beyond their grasp of a subject. They may be able to write about their personal experiences, bu they cannot discuss what they do not understand. Merely echoing another writer is not writing, but just that being an echo--rather than a voice. Personal ownership of what one writes is an essential component of effective writing.


Attempting Too Much in a Writing Project


Many beginning expository writers try to accomplish too much in a single project. They would accomplish more if they established modest and realistic goals. The educational rule of simplicity asserts that doing less is often more.Papers with a broad scope are all to often built around general information, and dont explain much. There simply isnt enough time or space available.


Ineffectiveness in Bridging the Gap


Bridging the gap is a term used by some researchers/writers to refer to the process by which we make a text relevant to our audience and everyday life. Good exposition of a written text asks and answers two questions What did the text mean to the original audience? and What does the text mean to us?Bridging the gap requires us to perform both tasks. Too often this is what is missing in student writing--what does the text mean today? How do the ideas of the writers fit into contemporary discussions on a given topic.


Bridging the gap is achieved by identifying recognizable human experience that is relevant to todays readers, and translating it into the language of readers.Such experience exists at multiple levels, physical, emotional, psychological, social, and moral. Writing based upon assigned reading has been compared to a picket fence--our world and the world of the author joined at many points.


In conclusion, when writers learn to master a text in terms of the kind of writing it is, interpret its meaning, and show its relevance to every day living, they will write effectively.


Please note that this sample paper on Quiet Talks on Writing from Sources is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Quiet Talks on Writing from Sources, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Quiet Talks on Writing from Sources will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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September 23, 2020

Pharmacy

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A pharmacist is a healthcare professional who is a expert on pharmaceutical drugs and how they act to fight disease and improve the heath of the patient (http//www.las.uiuc.edu/students/programs/ppp/f_pharmacy.shtlm). Pharmacists are responsible for the implementation of drug therapy with the intention of improving the quality of a patient's life. Some examples of such improvements include curing diseases, reducing or eliminating a patient's symptoms, slowing the process of a disease, and preventing disease. A pharmacist works with patients and other healthcare professionals in order to design, implement, and monitor a drug therapy plan specifically designed for that patient (Kubitz ). Not only do pharmacists advise doctors and patients on prescription drugs, but they also provide information on the best medications that can be purchased "over the counter" (California Occupational Guide No. 15, 1).


The most common goal of pharmacists is to move beyond their traditional role of simply dispensing medication and deal with patients more directly and on a more personal level. They strive to be a source of advice on medications for both heath-care professionals and patients. They also are dedicated to providing individualized services to patients. Such services include consultations and providing more understandable information about the side effects of the medications that the patient is receiving (Kubitz ).


More than 1,000 years ago, religious and magic practitioners controlled the medical aspects of people's lives. They believed that many aspects of disease were beyond observation, explanation, and control. The oldest known application of pharmacy was in ancient India and China. They based healing on the belief that disease was caused by spirits in the body. In Babylonia, Assyria, Egypt, and parts of Greece the concept of purification from sin by a purgative existed. In second century Rome, Galen classified medicines by the affects that they had on the four humors of the body blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The systematic guide he created was, unfortunately, incorrect. Seventh century Arabs contributed a large amount of knowledge on the drugs available from that time through the Middle Ages. In 140, the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, made great advancements in pharmacy by issuing three regulations that separate the profession of pharmacy, instituting governmental supervision over pharmacy, and producing an oath that pharmacists had to take promising to prepare drugs reliably. The 1th century brought major pharmacy development throughout the United States. Pharmacy organizations, formal education of pharmacists, official pharmacy books (pharmacopoeias), and setting standards for the identity and purity of drugs are some examples of such developments. Some pharmacy unions that were developed during this time included the American Pharmaceutical Association (185), the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (158), and the Federation Internationale Pharmaceutique (110) which is a worldwide organization base in the Netherlands. Major advancement has taken place in this field in the past 100 years, and pharmacists have started applying scientific method and principles to their work. Beginning in the 160's, pharmacists started to practice patient oriented functions, such as drug use review (Academic AmericanEncyclopedia 1).


The job of a pharmacist consists of many roles. Specific duties vary according to the location of the job for example, community or retail pharmacists counsel patients, answer questions, provide information on over the counter drugs, make drug recommendations, provide advice medical equipment and home heath-care supplies, and, possibly, complete insurance forms and other paperwork. Community pharmacists may sell non-health related merchandise, and also hire and/or supervise other employees. Some community pharmacists provide specialized services such as helping patients with diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood pressure. In hospitals and clinics, besides dispensing medications, pharmacists advise medical staff on selection of drugs, make sterile solutions, purchase medical supplies, counsel patients on drug use, and evaluate drug use patterns and outcomes. They are also responsible for assessing, planning, and monitoring drug therapy for patients. Pharmacists who participate in home healthcare are responsible for monitoring drug regimens and preparing infusions and other medications for home use (http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos07.htm).


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Pharmacists are responsible for knowing how their patients manage their medication, they then analyze this regiment searching for problems. Next they determine and implement solutions for these problems and monitor their outcomes (Kubitz ). Pharmacists are also responsible for dispensing drugs and providing information about them. Pharmacists must understand drug use, clinical effects, and drug composition (chemical, biological, and physical properties). The pharmacist's role of making actual pharmaceutical agents is dwindling; and it is now a very small role due to pharmaceutical companies who make the drugs for them. Pharmacists are responsible for the accuracy of every prescription, lately they have been relying on pharmacy technicians and aides to assist them; pharmacists delegate tasks and supervise their outcomes (http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos07.htm). Finally, pharmacists are responsible for maintaining patient medication profiles in order to advise doctors on prescribing new medication (California Occupational Guide No 15, )


Students who desire pursuing a career in pharmacy should achieve scientific aptitude, have good communication skills, a desire to help others, and conscientiousness (http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos07.htm). There are two entry-level degrees available for such students a Bachelor of Science degree (BS) in pharmacy, or a PharmD. The BS takes five years to complete and will be obsolete after 005. The PharmD is a six year program that makes the pharmacists most knowledgeable on medications and their use. The PharmD degree was designed for students with more laboratory and research experience. Many pharmacists who hold their master's degree or Ph.D. work in research for drug companies or teach at universities. Pharmacists who own and run their own pharmacy may also obtain their MBA. Pharmacy colleges require two years of general pre-pharmacy education. These classes include mathematics and natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, and physics. Another requirement is courses in humanities and social sciences. In 000, the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education named 8 accredited colleges of pharmacy. Some of these colleges require that students take the Pharmacy College Admissions Test. All of these colleges offer courses in pharmacy practice in order to teach the dispensing of drugs, communication skills, and dealing with other health professionals. Such courses strengthen students understanding of professional ethics and practice managerial responsibilities. All pharmacists must know the drug laws, assessment skills, problem-solving approaches, and have managerial and communication abilities. Every pharmacist must obtain a license, however in order to do this they must serve under a licensed pharmacist, graduate form and accredited college, and pass a state exam. Some states require continued education for license renewal. For pharmacists there are many areas of graduate study such as pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacy administration. Some pharmacists specialize in specific drug therapy areas. These areas include intravenous nutrition support, oncology, nuclear pharmacy, and pharmacotherapy.


There are many different places where pharmacists are needed; community pharmacies, hospitals, long-term care facilities, pharmaceutical companies, mail service, managed care, and in government are a few. There are approximately 11,000 community pharmacists, 66,000 pharmacists in chain pharmacies and 46,000 in self-owned pharmacies. As for the rest of pharmacists, there are 40,000 in hospitals, 1,000 in consulting, government, academics, and industry (http//www.pharmacyandyou.org/about/pharmacyfacts.html). The median annual earnings for pharmacists in 000 was $70,50. The middle 50% were between $61,860 and $81,60, the lowest 10 % earned less than $51,570, and the highest 10% made more than $8,010. Job location definitely effects earnings for pharmacists, the following are the median earnings in different locations department store pharmacists earned $7,70, grocery store pharmacists earned $7,440, pharmacists in drug stores and proprietary stores made $7,110, and finally hospital pharmacists earned $68,760. The average starting base salary for full-time pharmacists was $67,84. Further compensation comes in such forms as bonuses, overtime, and profit sharing (http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos07.htm).


Working conditions for pharmacists are among the most favorable of all professions. Clean, well lit, ventilated areas are customary facilities. Pharmacists wear gloves and masks, along with other protective equipment on order to protect themselves. Although pharmacy may seem to be a good job with great benefits it does have its downfalls, for example, pharmacists are on their feet a lot, hours are unreliable, you may be required to work evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays, consultant pharmacists often travel on order to monitor patients, and the job of a pharmacist is mentally demanding. Pharmacists are required to know the properties of thousands of drugs and learn hundreds of new drugs which are introduced every year. One out of seven pharmacists only worked part time in 000, full time pharmacists work approximately 40 hours per week. Pharmacists in privately owned pharmacies averaged 50 or more hours a week. Pharmacists held about 17,000 jobs on 000. Six out of ten in community pharmacies, 1 % in hospitals, and all others in clinics, mail-order pharmacies, pharmaceutical wholesalers, home health agencies, or in government (http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos07.htm).


Room for advancement in the field of pharmacy is limited; it all depends on the location or site of each individual job. In community pharmacies, most new employees start on the "staff" level and can advance to the managerial, part owner, or owner status. In chain drug stores, pharmacists begin as staff, may become the pharmacy supervisor or manager at the store level, may obtainresponsibilities at the district or regional level, and could possibly rise to an executive position within the headquarters of the company. The highest level of advancement for hospital pharmacists is supervisory or administrative positions. In the pharmaceutical industries, pharmacists can obtain positions in marketing, sales, research, quality control, production, or packaging(http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos07.htm).


The job outlook for pharmacists is very hopeful. Currently there are more job openings than degrees being granted. This is the case due to the increased needs of a growing older population, scientific advances, new developments in genome research and medication distribution system, and more sophisticated consumers. Due to declining dispensing fees, pharmacists are trying to increase prescription volume; automated drug dispensing will be implemented which will raise the demand for pharmacy technicians and aides. Due to the increasing number of chain drugstores, the need for community pharmacies is dwindling, therefore retail pharmacies are expected to have faster than average employment growth. The need for pharmacists in hospitals is expected to grow as fast as average although their services are shifting toward long-term, ambulatory, and home healthcare. New opportunities for pharmacists are developing rapidly, such opportunities exist in managed care organizations (analyzing trends and patterns in medication use), research, disease management, and pharmacoeconomics (determining costs and benefits of different drug therapies). According to the California projections of Employment, the estimated number of jobs for pharmacists in 005 is 18,550 (in California) (California Guide No 15, ). The role of the dispensing pharmacist is in most danger. Due to automated filling and the use of pharmacy technicians these pharmacy jobs are becoming obsolete (Kubitz ).


Pharmacists play very important roles in the everyday lives of many people. From dispensing medications to advising consumers on the most effective products, pharmacists effect most every citizen's life every day.


Please note that this sample paper on Pharmacy is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Pharmacy, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Pharmacy will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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September 21, 2020

THE SECRET GOLDEN-GOOSE METHODS TO MAKING MONEY BY FRIDAY!Today's Lesson: HOW TO INSTANTLY PROFIT FROM BOO-BOOS!Written By Brent Whinfieldbrentsecretsrevealed.com

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Lets first examine the problem - its a common problem. Many


commercial websites these days have a hundred or more pages. Portals


and heavy information-based sites often boast thousands of links.


The larger enterprises have staff whose only job is ensure the smooth


running and maintenance of the site.


However, there are literally millions of websites that have slowly grown


over the years, and yet is operated by a single individual.


Heres an opportunity to earn quick cash.


Heres what well-known Internet guru, Markus S. Allen recently


had to say, About 6 months ago, a subscriber foundspelling


mistakes and an invalid Web site link on my new Web site.He


e-mailed me about it and asked me to send him $5 via PayPal


to reveal the mistakes and fixes.


Within minutes, I zapped the payment to him.His letter


certainly got my attention... especially mention of the


invalid Web site reference.After all, if visitors to my


site cant navigate, its money out of my pocket.


It was the best $5 investment...


Over a period of time many of these site experience broken links for


one reason or another. It could be that a page no longer exists. It could


be that the image, audio, video, link to another site, etc. no longer works.


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This means that any visitor who clicks there will get the dreaded 404


not found display. No webmaster likes that. Everyone tries to avoid that


at all cost. This could hurt business substantially.


Updating thousands of pages is laborious work...I know, I run a content


rich website. Its a real pain!


Xenu to the rescue!


http//home.snafu.de/tilman/xenulink.html


(I have NO affiliation of course, with this marvellous software.)


Xenu is a wondeful software that analyzes a website quicker than you


can say, Broken Links Quicker Fixer- Upper. The first great news is


that its fast...blazingly fast. The second great news is...ITS FRE!


Xenus Link Sleuth (TM) checks Web sites for broken links


Link verification is done on normal links, images, frames, plug-ins,


backgrounds, local image maps, style sheets, scripts and java applets.


It displays a continously updated list of URLs which you can sort by


different criteria.


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Simple, no-frills user-interface


Can re-check broken links (useful for temporary network errors)


Simple report format, can also be e-mailed


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Its a snap to input a URL (any URL) into your browser, and just press


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make-your-head-spin speed.


Now heres what to do. Send a nice polite letter to your prospect


explaining that youve found a large number of broken links on his site.


Be sure to send a small sample of the many links found. Xenu does a


great job of either displaying the list in regular text, or as an email.


Explain to the prospect that he could either ignore this little tip,


and then labouriously search for each and every one of the thousands


of broken links himself...


or


He could pop a measely $10. into your PayPal account for a full


comprehensive report which will be rushed off to him by email.


If you do about 0 analysis per day (this is easy...remember Xenu


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Youre almost guaranteed to make anywhere from $50. - $150.


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Try it...youll like it. (Oops! Im dating myself -)


I hope you profit bountifully from this information. Until tomorrow


(Day ) when well discuss The Treasure Chest of Trade Secrets.


Until then, may God richly bless you.


Brent Whinfield


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The Software Thousandaire Video Course


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Copyright 00, Brent Whinfield. All rights Reserved. No portion of


this lesson may be reproduced in anyway without the expressed written


permission of Brent Whinfield. You MAY GIVE AWAY this eCourse as


long as it is intact EXACTLY as it appears. You may not change anything


in this eCourse. This is a Software Thousandaire exclusive.


If you wish to contact me, send an email to


brent@secretsrevealed.com


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September 15, 2020

Design a realistic and effective training program for a client (case study), underpinning the theory and reasoning behind choices made.

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Throughout history, there has always been a link made between physical activity/exercise, and health.This link can be traced back to at least the Ayur-Veda in the th century BC, where "exercise and massage are recommended for the treatment of rheumatism" (Ryan, A., cited in American Academy of Physical Education, pg 4).


Today, however, even though the link is still being documented, the way in which our society liveswith the increased technology, where "the physical demands of everyday activities like cleaning the house, washing the dishes, mowing the lawn and travelling to work" (Heyward, pg 1), that would have taken about an hour at one time, "can now be accomplished in just a few seconds by pushing a button, or setting a dial" (Heyward, pg 1).


Instead of the time saved by these improvements being used in a positive way to pursue recreational activities, people are using this time to become increasingly sedentary.Add to this the fact that even though it has been much documented "that appropriate exercise programs may be expected to yield improvements not only in physical fitness, but also in blood lipid levels, blood pressure, body composition, bone density, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance." (Dishman, pg 1), there is still 0-50% of people who withdraw from an exercise program within the first six months (Dishman, 188; Robison and Rogers, 14; cited in Bull, pg ).


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The client, himself, shows these sorts of qualities in his approach to smoking cessation.The fact that he has tried to stop, but has not yet been successful, shows that he may have adherence issues.


However, he does seem intent on making some major lifestyle changes due to the fact that now he has reached middle-age, he is beginning to experience back and knee painsa sure fire sign of the beginnings of arthritis.The sorts of changes he would be making would be behaviourali.e, smoking cessation, integrating physical activity into his lifearound his obviously busy schedule as a headmaster.His family medical history speaks volumes as to why he has decided upon a sudden change in his lifestyle.The fact that his father died of heart disease at the young age of forty-five, and "0% of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is attributable to smoking" (Marks, B.L; cited in ACSM, 001, chapter 4), is one of the most poignant reasons for this turnaround.


"Though relative risk of smoking for lung cancer is higher, absolute risk is greatest for CHD" (Marks, B.L).This shows that the most detrimental habit he has is also the most modifiable risk factor for CHD.By cutting out such a factor, the client will not only reduce the risk of himself suffering from chronic illness, but he is also helping his family. ("Both active smoking and passive exposure to ETS demonstrate similar dose-response relationships for increased risk" (Marks, B.L)(ETS= Environmental Tobacco Smoke)).


Smoking not only has an effect on the incidence of CHD, but also, a positive relationship has been found between smoking and non-insulin dependant diabetes (NIDDM) (the nurses health study.).This is of particular importance to the client as his mother has diabetes and so he is leaving himself vulnerable to developing the disease.As well as smoking having an effect on the risk of diabetes and CHD; CHD is also the most common cause of death amongst Type 1 diabetes' patients.


The client's mother also suffers from osteoporosis, an affliction which is more commonly related to the elderly.However, at 5 years of age, the client is showing the first signs of it, with the pains in his knees and back that he's been suffering from.The process of this disease can be sped up by smoking, as the use of tobacco saps the goodness from the bonesit makes them more porous (honeycombed) in structure.


Exercise prescription


The subject will undergo a health evaluation.As the purpose of these evaluations "is to detect the presence of disease and to asses the initial disease risk classification of your clients" (Heyward), as many components should be tested as possible.For this reason, six of the twelve recommended components for a comprehensive health evaluation as cited in Heyward would be used to identify any risks


• PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire)


Comprises of seven questions that are designed to highlight certain individuals that require clearance from their GP before they can undergo any type of fitness assessment, or take on a full-blown exercise program.If the client in question was to answer 'yes' to any of the questions, he would be advised to gain Medical clearance before taking part in any sort of physical activity.An example of this can be found in the appendices.


• Medical History Questionnaire.(See appendices)


Clients need to complete these, as they include questions referring to not only, their own illnesses, injuries or hospitalisations, but also those of their family.This is important as it aids in the risk identification by pinpointing factors, which may increase the risk of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD).Also, conditions may come to light that require the expertise of a GP, and drugs (medication) may be being used that change the clients heart rate, ECG, blood pressure and capacity for exercise, E.g., diuretics and beta-blockers.


• Coronary Risk factor analysis


From the Medical history questionnaireas already stated, certain risks can be identified that can be related to the risk of CHD.As epidemiological research has shown, there are many factors associated with the risk of CHD.These factors are


o Agegenerally men over the age of 45, and women over the age of 55 (or during premature menopause, without HRT)


o Family Historycardiac event (MI) or a sudden death, before the age of 55 for the father (or another first-degree male relative); or before 65 years old in the mother (or another first-degree female relative).


o Current smoking cigarettes


o Hypertensionblood pressure over 140/0mmHg, or someone on antihypertensive medicine.


o Hypercholesterolemia


o Diabetes mellitusPeople with either non-insulin- or insulindependant diabetes, who are either over the ages of 5 and 0 (respectively) or have suffered the disease for more than 15 years.


o Physical activityindividual living a sedentary lifestyle lifestyleboth at work and at home.


The greater the number of factors, the higher the probability of CHD.


• Signs and symptoms of disease


This could be included as part of the medical history questionnairea section at the end, asking the client to mark any of the symptoms/ disease, they have that are listed.Some may include


 Fainting/dizziness


 Palpitations


 Asthma


 Coughing up blood


 Diabetes


 Lower back pain


 Chest pain


 Stroke


 Bronchitis


 Breathlessness during or after mild exertion


 Obesity


 Swollen joints


For any of the symptoms marked, the client would be advised to obtain advice from their GP before starting an exercise program, or even undergoing a fitness test.


Due to the nature of the information received from the client, an additional Graded Exercise Test, and twelve-lead ECG should be conducted.


Before these tests are carried out it will be explained to the client the reasoning behind the tests (ie the purpose) and also any questions should be answered and any worries dissipated (and the clients informed consent form should be obtained (an example of which is in the appendices)).


The purpose of the ECG is to monitor the client's heart rate during exercise.This is to determine whether there are any complications (ie irregular beat, heart murmur etc).The twelve-lead ECG "is a composite record of the electrical events in the heart during the cardiac cycle" (Heyward).Because of its efficiency in comparing voltages between limbs on both the left- and right-hand sides of the body (due to the placement of the electrodes), the twelve-lead ECG can highlight contraindications (as set out by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)), too exercise testing, Eg, previous MI's, left ventricular hypertrophy etc.


Although the twelve-lead ECG can be administered by the exercise prescriber, the reading of it must be left up to a Physician, as it requires a great deal of skill and practice.


As "Coronary Heart Disease often is not detectable from the resting ECG, and abnormalities may not appear until the individual engages in relatively strenuous exercise" (Heyward), it is likely that the physician would recommend that the client take part in a Graded Exercise Test.From the following table taken from the ACSM guidelines 000, it can be seen that as the client is at a high risk of CHD, their physician should be present at the testing


Also, that both submaximal and maximal testing is recommended.However, due to the other factors highlighted in the screening questionnaires (the fact that the client never does any structured exercise anymore, smokes etc.), it would be plausible to only make him perform a submaximal test, so as to reduce the risk of a cardiac event.


In the actual prescription of the exercise, the client's lifestyle has to be taken into account.As a school headmaster, he is likely to be working long hoursgenerally between 8am and 6pm, Monday, to Friday.This means that the most feasible means of increasing the amount of physical activity is for the client to get involved in something that relates to the school in some way.For example, he could take responsibility for a school sports teamtake them out training, and generally get more involvedslowly weaning him out of his sedentary way of life (By starting off at one or two days a week, then steadily increasing his involvement after one or two weeks)


From the nature of the responses of the client to the pre-prescription screening, it can be worked out that the main goal in undergoing the program is to improve his general health.As this is the case, following the guidelines given by the U.S. Department of Health and human sciences (16(cited in Heyward, pg 84)), a typical week in the program would look like this


Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday


Jogging-0mins Use the school pool to swim at lunchtime for 0mins-0mins Walkingmiles in 0mins. (could take family along with him for some quality time. Training a school sports team for about one hour. Shooting baskets in basketball for 0mins.


The intensity of these exercises is low, so as not to overtax the cardiovascular system.Generally, the exercise all works at around about 45% VO max to start off with, due to the previous sedentary lifestyle of the client.


Progression within the training program is necessary, due to the physiological changes that occur when undergoing aerobic endurance training.It is in the first 6-8 weeks of the program that the majority of the conditioning takes placethe time for the vast majority of improvement.It is after then, that another graded exercise test will be done, to assess the improvement of the client.


Throughout the program, however, the client will be asked to keep a training diary, recording exactly what he has done each day, and for how long.This method of monitoring has its limitations as the client could quite easily lie about what training he has been doing.However, it is probably the least time-consuming way, and being headmaster, he is obviously a very busy man.


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September 11, 2020

Mycenaeans - military society

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Mycenaean society valued the warrior and the hunter. Evidence of military activities can be found in the stories of Homer, the layout and strategic placement of their citadels, surviving art and weapons and the defeat and control of the Minoans.


Homer was a writer who recorded bardic traditionsthe oral stories passed on by poem recitors, or bards. He lived about four hundred years after the Mycenaeans, yet his stories were set in their time. We now use his stories the Iliad and the Odyssey to help confirm facts about the Mycenaean way of life. The Iliad is based on the siege of Troy by Agamemnon to recapture Helen, the wife of his brother Menelaus. These two brothers were Mycenaean kings, showing us that warfare was indeed an integral part of their society. The siege lasted for ten years according to Homer, which shows that the citadel of Troy was capable of sustaining a large number of people for a long time. Heinrich Schliemann was an archaeologist who found the remains of what is believed to be Troy, showing that Homer's stories had some element of truth to them. Many of the findings in the cities of Mycenae and others confirm many of the facts which Homer described. For example the boar's tusk helmets described were confirmed by replicas actually found in a number of Mycenaean tombs. Homer also described the social system put in place, where the king or "wanax" was at the top of the society, followed by the "lawagetas" or leader of the people who may have commanded the army. Their importance can be seen in their place in the palaceboth having a megaron to themselves. Linear B tablets, the written receipts and lists of the Mycenaeans, confirm their importance by mentioning that the wanax owned the most land in the society, and the lawagetas owned a third of that. The "eqetai" were the next in rank, serving as the king's bodyguard and soldiers. The Iliad describes fifty men and two officers for each "hollow ship" that went to Troy, showing the navy and its importance. The Mycenaeans depended on the sea probably for trade and warfare. The Pylos tablets indicate over five hundred rowers in a fleet. The lack of land defence at Pylos indicate that the sea was the state's main form of defence.


The Mycenaean palace has existed since the beginning of their society. However, around 150BC the palace became militarily inclined. Great defence mechanisms were put in place probably for protection against other Mycenaean states, although there is very little evidence which suggests who their enemies were. Citadels were placed on rocky outcrops which allowed the them to see intruders arrive, whilst having the advantage of attacking enemies from above. The palaces were surrounded by tall, thick walls ofcut stone blocks. Later Greeks thought that giants built the walls because of the sheer size of the stone blocks, and so called them "cyclopean" walls. The palace at Gla in Boetia has cyclopean walls which are in an excellent state of preservation, three kilometres long. Rubble fills the inside of the walls to help prevent intruders tunnelling underneath. There is also some evidence to suggest that wooden palings ran along the top of the walls to protect patrolling soldiers on top of the walls. The citadels had at least one grand entrance which was protected by thick wooden doors. Gla has four gates with two towers, Mycenae has onethe famous Lion Gate. Other ways in and out of the palace were through sally portsthese are small peculiar openings in the wall. They allowed soldiers to leave and attack from behind or even flee. They were only about chest height, therefore an intruder could easily be beheaded upon entry by the constant guards. Access ramps to the gates were cleverly placed where they would expose the right side of entering soldiers. The shield was carried by the left hand, and therefore did not protect their right side. Granaries and cisterns were inside the palaces to be safe in the event of a siege. Mycenae's cistern had forty metres of winding passage, and at full water capacity, the first sixty steps would be covered.


There are a number of painting and pottery fragments which allude to the warrior way of life in Mycenaean society. Frescoes are paintings initially done on wet plaster, allowing the pigment to absorb into the wall. These were popular decorations inside the dwellings of the palace, especially the megaron. Mycenaean frescoes have the subject matter of military or religious scenes. A Pylos Theran fresco has a depiction of Bronze Age warriors, who carry tower shields which cover the whole body. They would have been bulky and heavy, probably made of animal hide stretched over a wooden frame. Another early shield design was the figure-of-eight shield which is depicted on a short sword found in a Mycenae shaft grave. It was shaped so that the middle of the shield tapered inwards to allow movement of a spear or sword. The Warrior Vase from Mycenae is an incredibly important source picturing what the soldiers of the period 100BC wore and carried. A line of soldiers wear a reinforced helmet and plume, a leather cuirass covering the chest, greaves, and carry two javelins. Such scenes as the boar and deer hunts from Tiryns, the bull-jumping panels from Mycenae and Tiryns, and the appearance of horses and chariots at both Tiryns and Mycenae show us the importance of animal hunting by the Mycenaeans. The image of the hunter symbolised strength and survival, and was linked very closely to warfare. The Theran fresco of a Bronze Age fleet of soldiers points to forty-two rowers needed for the working of a ship.


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A number of weapons and parts of weapons have been found at Mycenaean sites. Arrow heads of flint, obsidian and bronze, and smoothed egg-shaped stones used in sling shots have been found all around Mycenaean cities. Slingers can be seen on the Silver Siege Rhyton from shaft grave IV at Mycenae. Swords and daggers have also survived, usually in the tombs of the palaces. A full body set of armour has been found north of Tiryns at the chamber tomb of Dendra. Made of wide strips of bronze held together with leather thonging restricted movement greatlyprobably belonging to a charioteer.


We know that the Mycenaeans took control of Crete and the Minoans around 1400BC, which therefore shows the Mycenaean hunger for power, and military movements. They acted as a kind of cultural vacuum, taking ideas as their own. This transfer of knowledge and the Minoan influence to invent Linear B writing for the Mycenaeans prove that the Mycenaeans gained control.


The Mycenaeans were a militarily-inclined society. We know this from the writings of Homer, their palace defences, their artworks, found weaponry and the knowledge that they enforced themselves upon the Minoans.


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September 8, 2020

St. Thomas Aquinas

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Charleta Mason


The Medieval World


Professor Jay Reuscher


April 4, 00


Help with essay on St. Thomas Aquinas


St Thomas Aquinas Five Proofs of God's Existence


In this paper, I will discuss the method St. Thomas Aquinas uses to prove God's existence.In the Summa Theologica St. Thomas Aquinas asserts that God must be proven only by deduction according to human observations and he offers five proofs of God's existence.These proofs were knows as the "Five Ways".My paper will have five main headings, which will discuss the five proofs offered by Thomas Aquinas


I. The argument of motion.


II. Nature of efficient cause.


III. Possibility and Necessity.


IV. Gradation of things.


V. Governance.


Proof I.


St. Thomas Aquinas offers the argument of motion as the first proof of God's existence.He calls it the most obvious way.Motion is the changing state of things going from ignorance to knowledge.Whatever is in motion Aquinas states, is moved by something else.So it is impossible that anything should be both mover and moved.By this, Aquinas means that nothing can move itself.Therefore if something is in motion, it must have been put in motion by something else, which must have been put in motion by yet another thing, and so on.However, this cannot go on to infinity because then there would never have been a first mover and consequently, no subsequent movers.It is impossible for a second movers to move except when moved by the first mover, just as a stick does not move anything except when moved by a hand.This leads the reader to the conclusion that there is a first mover which is not moved by anything, and the first mover is what we understand to be God.There are three key elements to the first way.


1. Nothing can move itself.


. If every object in motion had a mover, then the first object in motion needed a mover.


. This first mover is the Unmoved Mover, called God.


However, in my opinion, the criticism offered to this point of view is that human capacity is not nearly great enough to completely understand the evolution of movement.


Proof II.


Saint Thomas Aquinas' second proof of God's existence is based on the nature of efficient causation.It states that God is the uncaused cause.Causation is "making to be" which means that the cause makes there be a result.Efficient causation however, is the production of the result. Efficient causes it is not possible to go on to infinity, because in all efficient causes following in a sequential order, the first is the cause of the intermediate cause, and the intermediate is the cause of the ultimate cause, whether the intermediate cause is several, or only one.Now to take away the cause is to take away the effect.Therefore, if there is no first cause among efficient causes, there will be no ultimate cause.But if in efficient causes it is possible to go on to infinity, there will be no first efficient cause; neither will there be an ultimate effect, nor any intermediate efficient causes, all of which is plainly false.Therefore it is necessary to admit a first efficient cause, to which everyone gives the name of God.


This Way deals with the issue of existence.Aquinas concluded that common sense observation tells us that no object creates itself.In other words, some previous object had to create it.Aquinas believed that ultimately there must have been an UNCAUSED FIRST CAUSE (GOD) who began the chain of existence for all things.The key elements to this theory are


1. There exist things that are caused (created) by other things.


. Nothing can be the cause of itself (nothing can create itself.)


. There cannot be an endless string of objects causing other objects to exist.


4. Therefore, there must be an uncaused first cause called God.


It is my opinion that the same criticism can be offered for the second proof as I stated for the first.It can be shown through contemporary theory and models how everything was initially moved, again going back to the evolution.However, the reader must ask who is to say God started the first move?Could be there is an intermediate force which may have caused it?, Or is what we have today simply a product of natural evolution?


Proof III.


The third proof is taken from possibility and necessity.St. Thomas Aquinas believed that the existence of contingent beings would ultimately necessitate a being, which must exist for all of the contingent beings to exist.This being, called a necessary being, is what we call God.The key points are


1. Contingent beings are caused.


. Not every being can be contingent.


. There must exist a being, which is necessary to cause contingent beings.


4. This necessary being is God.


The criticism to this proof according to Aquinas, once the cycle has started, then it could be said that the role of God is done since things are all in motion and no more dependency on necessary beings.


Proof IV


The fourth way is taken from the gradation to be found in things.St. Thomas formulated this Way from a very interesting observation about the qualities of things.For example, one may say that of two paintings one is more beautiful than the other.So for these two objects, one has a greater degree of beauty than the next. This is referred to as degrees or gradation of a quality.From this fact Aquinas concluded that for any given quality (e.g. goodness, beauty, knowledge) there must be a perfect standard by which all such qualities are measured.These perfections are contained in God.


The criticism, which can be offered, is that does God then also set the standard for things, which are negative.According to Aquinas, a serial killer, or child molester's degree of evil would be measured against God.Also, a shoplifter's evil will be measured against God.Therefore, even if God does not have the evil of the murderer, he is comparable to the shoplifter, which be it minimal does consist of a certain level of evil. Therefore, God is evil.


Proof V.


The fifth way is taken from the governance of the world.The final Way that St. Thomas Aquinas speaks of has to do with the observable universe and the order of nature.According to Aquinas common sense tells us that the universe works in such a way, that one can conclude that is.In other words, all physical laws and the order of nature and life were designed and ordered by God.


The criticism, which can be applied to the fifth and final way, is that God is the creator of nature. Therefore, all negative aspects of nature and society are due to God.


In conclusion, it is my opinion that a review of the "Five Ways" or arguments St. Thomas Aquinas uses in his work The Summa Theologica to prove the existence of God's existence are subject to possible criticisms, objections and, or weak points as any with all arguments, however it is my opinion that St. Thomas is successful in presenting the reader with a successful argument for the existence of God.


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September 2, 2020

Labor Trends

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Due to the condition of the United States economy, the national labor union condition can best be described as fluctuating in a downward direction. This fluctuation is more severe because of the corporate trends and escalating efforts to both outsource and export lower paying, blue-collar jobs. This situation is causing extreme difficulties in the U.S. while broadening the global labor position.


The U.S. economy has . million fewer jobs today than it did when President Bush was elected, including .5 million fewer manufacturing jobs. In the past three years, nearly 1 in 5 U.S. workers were laid off from the job according to The Disposable Worker Living in a Job-Loss Economy, a Rutgers University report released in late July. Among workers laid off from full-time work, roughly one-fourth was earning less than $40,000 annually. To further effect the job market, in July, a total of 15 million workers were unemployed, underemployed or discouraged by the lack of success in their job hunt, according to the Labor Department.


While the U.S. labor market was suffering as indicated in the paragraph above, U.S. corporations were sending jobs to the global economy. For example, corporations such as IBM and General Electric were sending thousands of jobs to economy poor countries such as India, China, Mexico and Central America. This trend has put the national labor union environment and the global labor union climate into extreme losses and gains. The labor picture becomes even more depressing when we realize that multinational corporations are transferring jobs to countries where workers earn low wages and have few or no protections. Also, small U.S. businesses are lying off workers or shutting their doors because they can not meet foreign competitors' prices.


The dire condition of the U.S. economy and the job market for both blue and white collar employees has left the national labor union position in a state of extreme loss. Union membership is decreasing at an alarming rate because of the economy and corporate trends toward outsourcing, downsizing and exporting jobs. While the U.S. union picture is grim, the employment picture and the related global union posture are on the upswing. On the home front, labor unions are unable to prevent corporations from making decisions that impact severely on union members. These members are performing tasks for U.S. corporate giants, at a very expensive rate, due to high salaries, expensive benefits and other costs to the employer. On the other hand, the jobs exported to countries in Central America and Asia can be filled by workers who are low paid and who have very few protections in the global union market.


As developing and third world countries become more and more involved in manufacturing products for U.S. corporations, the natural trend will be for U.S. corporations to become more sensitive to the plight of low income workers in these countries. We recently learned that the shoe manufacturing giant, Nike, employed thousands of Asians in what could perhaps be classified as slave labor conditions. This revelation caused a world wide furor because it became known that this manufacturing giant was making billions of dollars in profit as its global employees suffered. It became apparent that in this case and others, union protections were non-existent and employees were exploited.


As we examine the state of global labor unions, we can compare in some ways the working conditions in these countries with that of the working conditions in the early United States Industrial Revolution. In the 10's and 10's, U.S. workers were exposed to dismal "sweat shot conditions". Employees were exploited, worked with no protections, were provided no benefits, worked in deplorable conditions, and in general were pawns in the hands of corporate managers. One could draw a comparison to the working conditions in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution to the working conditions in developing countries that are now becoming rich due to the work they perform for U.S. corporations. As we compare the global and national union climate, the history of the U.S. labor movement brings to mind the formation of labor unions due to the exploitation of workers. The exploitation of these workers led to the formation of large national labor unions in the U.S. As we compare and contrast past U.S. history with the current labor market in countries such as India and China, we can project the notion of a strong labor union environment being born in these developing countries.


As in the U.S. during the Industrial Revolution, labor unions started out under extensive duress and opposition from the government and corporations. The growth of these labor unions was, in the mind of the corporate and government executives, going to decrease the corporate profits due to higher wages and costly benefits. We learned in the U.S. that this was not the case. Instead corporate profits grew because employees were satisfied with their wages and benefits and therefore more willing to work.


The comparison between national and global labor union climate is for the moment difficult to predict. We know about the poor working conditions in many of these countries, but we do not know for sure how their conditions will change due to the influence of U.S. corporations. Due to the human rights accomplishments in the U.S., we must assume that strong economic pressure will be exerted by U.S. corporations to end the exploitation of workers who are on U.S. corporate payrolls.


These changes in the working conditions of U.S. global employees will not be easy. We now know that unions in these countries have little clout and power. According to Unions in a Global Labor Market by Michael Walton of The World Bank Group, "With few exceptions, unionism in these countries is often very restricted and frequently highly linked to state patronage. Not only does this limit the rights of workers, but it encourages a brand of unionism that is oriented more towards getting favors and influence from a state apparatus-which is all too frequently either authoritarian, corrupt or both-than to improving workplace productivity and conditions." Mr. Walton continues, "This, together with the increasing importance of industry in many countries is why there is the potential for beneficial growth of union membership in the world."


In conclusion, as we compare and contrast the union environment on a national and global scale, we can see the potential that exists for a global increase in successful union representation of workers which will greatly enhance, not only the economy of these countries, but also the quality of life for citizens who are doing the work of U.S. corporations. By contract, national labor unions will likely continue to lose membership at the manufacturing level and will find it necessary to strengthen its organizing efforts towards workers. Today, these workers are not represented by a national labor union. This will not be an easy task.


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