'Censorship and Pornography.'

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This essay will attempt to discuss the topic of censorship. It will look at the development of censorship in society throughout history. It will also use examples to show the problems in trying to define censorship and also the problems caused when people exercise their freedom of speech but at the same time cause harm to others. After discussing censorship in general the essay will then refer to the censorship of pornography with direct references to Britain. It will express the current laws on pornography and then attempt to show the problems caused by the distribution of pornography. The essay will also talk about the development of new forms of pornography distribution such as cable & satellite television and the Internet and how these new forms affect the distribution of pornography in Britain.

One of the most vehemently discussed examples of censorship in Britain is the case of the British National Party (BNP). The BNP are a political party, which strongly believe that the ever-increasing numbers of ethnic minorities are eroding British culture. The party has raised a very heated debate with both sides making valid claims that the party should or should not be banned depending on a particular viewpoint. The case study of the BNP is of key importance to the censorship battle in that it asks the question of whether harmful free speech should be banned and does harmful free speech transform into harmful actions?

On the one hand it can be argued that the BNP are a political party much like any other in that they have a recognised headquarters and distinct policies. However, it is these policies and what they allegedly invoke that are the cause of problems. People believe that their policies are wrong but in a free society it is hard to ban opinions. However, what is also said is that these opinions invoke racial hatred and as a result racial violence. If it can be proven that members of the BNP are violent towards ethnic minorities then -and only then- can they legitimately banned under Article 1.

After more than 50 years Germany does not seem to be able to get away from the memories of the worst world war in history. Many extreme right-wing groups have adopted old nazi traditions and proclaim that the Holocaust never happened. In an article written in the Independent on Sunday, Ronald Dworkin makes what many would feel a somewhat heartless point but if one looks past emotion then there is a large amount of logic in his opinions. Dworkin makes the point that it is tempting to say that Germanys situation is special, that the holocaust was off historys graph and calls for exceptions to everything including freedom of speech (Dworkin. 15). Joylon Jenkins agrees with this point stating; everybody is in favour of free speech, but everyone has their own special exception to enter (Jenkins, 10).

Both Jenkins and Dworkin refer to John Stuart Mills article On Liberty which talks about the non-censorship of speech we hate. Dworkin highlights Mills statement that we should tolerate even the speech we hate because truth is most likely to emerge in a free intellectual combat from which no idea has been excluded.

Jenkinss article ends with the statement that censorship doesnt work (Jenkins, 10). Jenkins reason for saying this stems from the contradiction he highlights in Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights. According to Jenkins the article states that everyone has the right to freedom of expression but it then goes on to state that this freedom may be subject to certain conditions, restrictions or penalties according to the law. Article 10 appears to advocate freedom of expression but when a sensitive example -such as the Holocaust appears- then the censorship of freedom of speech is invoked.

When Susan Mendus (18) discusses Mills Harm Principle she is adamant that harm -specifically harm to others- is the sole warrant for government interference in Mills opinion (Mendus, 18, P. 11). Mendus highlights problems with Mills Harm Principle believing that it is open to a multitude of interpretations, many of them inconsistent with one another (Mendus, 18, P. 11). She goes on to make the point that it is difficult to delineate any clear distinction between actions which cause harm and actions which merely provoke offence, disgust or disapproval. According to Mendus, an individuals right can only be over-ridden if it can be proven that as a direct result from their actions harm is occurring.

Arguments over censorship will continue to reign for as long as an individual feels that they are being oppressed. Ronald Dworkin does acknowledge that even though we have to protect the vulnerable people in society such as women and homosexuals, we cannot use the power to silence the perpetrators of hatred. To do so -according to Dworkin- would jeopardise political legitimacy and we would become the same as Klomeni when he put the nine-year death sentence on Rushdi for his Satanic Verses book.

Jolyon Jenkins believes that a democratic formation of free speech has nothing to do with the establishment of rights because the interests of powerful elites, usually governments, determine these rights (Jenkins, 11, P. 4). Jenkins believes that constraints of free speech are not a democratic factor because to silence one individual would be no different than silencing the whole of mankind. In this case the majority does not count.

Censorship or even just the threat of censorship is necessary so that an individuals freedom of speech can be limited in order to protect the rights of others. It has been argued that censorship should not be employed to curb the freedom of speech but if harm is being caused to others then surely there is justification? Problems arise when it is unclear whether harm is occurring or not or when people believe harm may occur if the individual(s) are not censored. Critics such as Jenkins and Dworkin have argued that governments are above the law when censoring controversial groups as the BNP. However, if groups such as these cause obvious harm to people, then that is justification enough to censor them.

The last few years have seen a large increase in the importation of hardcore pornography into Britain. Even though much of this material is legal in Europe, it is still illegal in Britain. For years British authorities have combated this illegal flow of harder material from Europe, America and Asia but in recent years the developments of new technologies and a growth in the demand for such material have made the job that much more difficult. This section of the essay will deal with the censorship of the case study of pornography. It will set out the legislation governing pornography in the United Kingdom. It will then go on to highlight the arguments for and against the legalisation of harder material while referring to work carried out by authors in the field. Finally, it will conclude with comments on any policy change that may be considered.

Different mediums of pornography are regulated by different Acts. Sex shops are regulated by the Local Government Act of 18. Under this Act all persons wishing to sell a significant degree of sex articles have to obtain a licence from their local authority. In Britain all films must pass through the Cinemas Act of 185 with virtually all authorities accepting the advice of the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) which acts as a self-regulating body for the industry. The BBFC is also the censorship body of the Video Recordings Act of 184 and is responsible for the distribution of video certificates. The Act itself defines the criteria for video classification and penalties for offences, with the BBFC viewing all videos to look out for this criterion.

The Protection of Children Act of 178 and Criminal Justice Act of 188 attempts to stamp out the possession or distribution of any indecent photographs of children including images on a computer. It is this form of pornography which is deemed to be the most offensive, and as a result the penalties for prosecution are very much higher. The 184 Telecommunications Act prevents the illegal use of a public telephone for the communication of an indecent, obscene or menacing character. This also includes the transmission of pornography via a telephone within the UK. Finally, the Broadcasting Act of 10 contains provisions on the importance of standards of taste and decency on television and radio.

Even though they come under the general Obscene Publications Act of 15, books have no specific law and as a result the content of books is often more explicit than images. There are often acts portrayed in books, which would result in prosecution if they appeared in pictorial form. The Post Office Act of 15, which restricts the sending of indecent material, is rarely enforced as the Post Office has no staff dealing with and intercepting indecent material.

Robertsons article on censorship (1) may show why certain mediated forms of pornography are regulated differently. Taking the section dealing with the Target Audience from the Obscene Publications Act, Robertson refers to the fact that the Act focuses on the most likely readers/viewers of a source. According to Robertson this means that a work of literature is to be judged by its effect on serious minded-purchasers, a comic book by its effect on children, a sexually explicit magazine sold in an adults only bookstore by its effect on adult patrons of that particular shop (Robertson, 1, P. ). What this does not take into account is if an individual obtains something out with their perceived target area.

In his article Robertson also makes reference to the Aversion Defence whereby material is not deemed obscene because its effect will discourage readers from indulgence in the immorality so unseductively portrayed. Robertson is attempting to highlight the fact that there may be material deemed shocking and disgusting but because of its nature it would abhor rather than arouse. He goes on to highlight the ambiguous nature of pornography with the statement; pornography is like an elephant. You cannot define it but you know when you see it (Robertson, 1, P. 7). However, whilst acknowledging the difficulties in defining pornography Robertson does make clear that any material which combines violence with sexual explicitness is a candidate for prosecution (Robertson, 1, P. 8). Pornography may be difficult to legislate against but if scenes of violence occur then the need to prosecute can often become clear.

Even those who are against any forms of pornography cannot argue with the fact that modern day society is becoming more sex-friendly. Aids has meant that younger people have to be made more aware of safe sex at a younger age. The plethora of mens magazines such as Loaded, FHM, Maxim, etc. has made acceptable soft pornography. An individual now has access to soft pornography from any shelf of the local newsagent. Programmes such as Channel 5s Sex and Shopping and SKY 1s British Sex has brought pornography to a much larger audience and to a more acceptable level. In fact, according to Brian McNair some titles, such as the educational Lovers Guide are available in the high street chain stores such as Woolworths and Virgin, reflecting their increased acceptability by the mainstream audience (McNair, 16, P. 17).

The 0s have also seen the growth of the Internet. In the past it was very difficult for children to obtain any form of pornography as most could not reach the top shelf let alone be allowed to buy the product if they did. Now however, children can gain access to pornography in the comfort and ease of their own homes. On the Internet an individual has access to literally millions of softcore sites and images and even though there are security precautions surrounding the hardcore sites, all the individual needs is a credit card number to confirm their age. Even if children do not have the guile or courage to use a parents credit card many of the sites still have several sample images to entice would-be subscribers. Though much of this material is illegal in Britain there is no way for the authorities or government to stop people having access to it. At present there are only two full-time workers, searching the Internet for illegal sites.

Arguments against hardcore pornography have centred mainly on the issue of pornography causing harm. Feminists and many victims of male violence have tried to argue that pornography not only adds to the universal subornation of women but its content also causes men to act violently towards them. As long as pornography exists then so does womens position of being altogether lesser than their male counterparts.

On the one side of the debate there are feminist writers such as Catherine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin who believe that all forms of pornography should be banned. Then there are writers such as Gayle Rubin and Lynne Segal who believe that feminists such as Dworkin & MacKinnon are too focused on pornography and as a result the other areas in which women are subordinated are being largely ignored. The next section of the essay will deal with this ongoing debate.

Dworkin & MacKinnon were questioned in an article in which they attack all forms of pornography, even the material deemed least offensive. They go as far as to claim that Playboy magazine has made a speciality of targeting women for sexual harassment (Dworkin & MacKinnon, 1, P. 7). They go on to state that Playboy, in both text and pictures, promotes rape (Dworkin & MacKinnon, 1, P.7). Dworkin and MacKinnon attempt to back this statement up by citing research that shows the public opinion on pornography versus violence. In a survey carried out in Womans Day magazine in January 186, 0% of the 6,100 respondents claimed that pornography encourages violence against women. 80% of these respondents stated that they wanted all pornography outlawed.

However, these surveys show us what the public believe and think, not actual factual statistics on the cause of violence towards women. Actually trying to prove a male due to his use of pornography abused a woman is ambiguous to say the least. Even if convicted males do cite pornography as the reason, they may be doing so as a way to excuse their behaviour. Dworkin and MacKinnons have been described as rather extreme and as a result many believe that their views are exaggerated. As a result, they have been interpreted as extremists who dislike all forms of consenting sex.

Gayle Rubin believes that women who focus too intently on pornography are guilty of trivialising the actual causes of violence towards women. Rubin goes on to state that porn is a sexier topic than the more intractable problems of unequal pay, job discrimination, sexual violence and harassment, the unequal burdens of child-care and housework (Rubin, 1, P. 8). What Rubin is saying is that pornography is not the overwhelming evil and cause of all subordination of women and it is certainly not the proven cause of violence towards women. She highlights this point by referring to the fact that women are quite dramatically oppressed in societies that have neither (referring to pornography & prostitution) (Rubin, 1, P. 5).

Gayle Rubin attacks the views of Andrea Dworkin & Catherine MacKinnon and at the end of her article she offers an alternative line of attack that they and other feminist activists should adopt. Instead of striving for the strictest of censorship laws and instead of fighting porn, feminism should oppose censorship, support the decriminalisation of prostitution, call for the abolition of all obscenity laws, support the rights of sex workers, support women in management positions in the sex industry, support the availability of sexually explicit materials, support sex education of the young, affirm the rights of sexual minorities and affirm the legitimacy of human sexual diversity (Rubin, 1, P. 40).

Segal also believes that anti-porn feminists should abandon the fight to ban pornography. She makes reference to the fact that some experiments have suggested that exposure to non-violent pornography can lower aggression levels and increase a subjects sociability. Segal also believes that concentrating too intently on the issue of male violence caused by pornography often excuses those men who are sexually coercive and violent without its influence.

What is interesting to note is that Gayle Rubin and Catherine MacKinnon & Andrea Dworkin all want the same thing; the restoration of feminism to a position of equality and credibility. However, each side believes this can only be achieved by the exact opposite means. Where as Rubin suggests a total opposition to censorship is needed, Dworkin & McKinnon believe that a strict tightening of the censorship laws would begin to resolve the problem.

Another argument that has been put forward is that pornography is disproportionately controlled and consumed by men with the result being that there is little or no place in the market for women. Attempts have been made to attract females to pornography in the shape of magazines such as Playgirl, Bite and For Women but in these titles erect penises are not permitted to be shown. This has been met with the belief that the content of most pornography for women is too conservative and tame to be of much interest to many of them. This perceived parade of limp dicks is not what women really want in terms of mediated sex and as a result magazines for women usually become the source of laughter and women are increasingly seeking out male gay porn to satisfy their needs.

Many opponents to pornography were undermined when Britains chief censor, James Ferman spoke out on the subject of pornography earlier this year. Many would believe that a stalwart of censorship such as Ferman would automatically support the abolition and censorship of pornography but Ferman believes that Britains pornography laws are too strict and as a result a flourishing black market in violent pornography now exists in the UK. Mr Ferman wants the licensing of sex shops to be tightened, while allowing them to sell more explicit material. He also believes that this would create a fall in the demand for hardcore material. Many anti-pornography feminists have tried to argue against the credibility of those who defend pornography but there are not too many more credible spokespersons than the head of the British Board of Film Classification for the lastyears.

There is literally tons of pornography arriving in Britain everyday that has to be checked before it can be distributed for sale. Much of this material is of a soft nature, some of it is classed as hard but for every collection of pornography there is usually a minute percentage of what can be only described as violent or harmful towards the female protagonist(s). It is this pornography that must be banned wherever it appears and those caught in possession -whether it be for personal consumption or for sale- should be severely prosecuted. This point is backed up by Segal who states that we should worry more about material which is not pornographic at all but which contains images of violence against women (Segal, 1, P. 1).

At the moment in Britain -and indeed the rest of the world- pornography featuring images of children is totally banned. It is these kinds of laws that should be introduced to tackle the problem of violent & harmful pornography. An image of a woman being raped is made no more acceptable if she is portrayed as enjoying it. Pornography is designed to stimulate and arouse and there is more than enough of this material without the inclusion of the one type of pornography that is most likely to cause harm towards women.

As we have seen authors such as Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon have argued that hardcore pornography causes harm to women. This is an argument that is difficult to substantiate but surely we are not doing all we can to protect women by allowing them to be portrayed as victims of violence. It is this violent pornography that should be totally banned not just because there is a chance it may cause harm to women but because it is simply unnecessary. There is more than enough other material designed to titillate without portraying women as victims who have to endure pain.

From the arguments highlighted above it is clear that opinions on pornography are incredibly diverse and as a result the debate will undoubtedly continue for years to come. However, analysis of debates may present some key factors determining the future of pornography in Britain. It is obvious even to those who may wish to deny it that the acceptance of sex has become more prominent during the last decade. There was a time when sex was a more circumspect subject but nowadays it forms the basis of many public debates and television programmes. There are a great deal of people such as Catherine McKinnon and Andrea Dworkin who believe that this is a bad thing but it can be used to societys advantage.

The Government should embrace this new public acceptance of sex and use it for beneficial means. Firstly, having sex in the public forum will make people more aware of sexually transmitted diseases such as Aids. It provides an opportunity for the pornography industry to become more acceptable and to shake off its sleazy image. If pornography were treated similarly as other industries then many of the taboos surrounding it would be sure to dissipate.

The conclusion to both sections of the essay seems to point to a similar viewpoint. For censorship in general, freedom of speech has to be maintained no matter how enduring the circumstances may be. Censorship should only be invoked if actual harm is being inflicted upon an individual. The censorship of pornography should be abandoned and the fight should centre in on the rights of female workers in the sex industry. However, like other forms of censorship, the censorship of pornography should centre in on banning pornography that portrays violent or degrading acts towards women. As has been pointed out, it is this pornography that contributes to the subordination of women and with such a plethora of other material it is surely unnecessary.

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By means of a detailed commentary compare Dawes "Hopeless, Bloody Hopeless" to Audens "The Unknown Citizen", How does each poem make you think about the world around you?

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Both Dawes "Hopeless, Bloody Hopeless" and Audens "The Unknown Citizen" try to make you open your eyes to what the world around you is really becoming. It has been said that the road to hell is easy and these poems are making you open your eyes and think, so that when the time comes to choose between what is right and what is easy you think less superficially and selfishly and more globally and hopefully make the right decision. Although each poem tackles this in different ways.

Dawes "Hopeless, Bloody Hopeless" highlights the artificial life and the frightening landscape that surrounds us if only we took the time to look. While Audens "The Unknown Citizen points you more to the realisation that the mass of people lead lives of quiet desperation, as just one person in a crowded sea of faces, simply for materialistic purposes, so they can own things such as "A phonograph, a radio, a car and a fridgidaire".

"Hopeless, Bloody Hopeless", as I said before, points out the artificial life that we are surrounded by. Dawes most obvious reference to this are the lines "and an automat in a stone arcade where for ten cents you can hold a real as life hand, and a neon image of our lady of the seven dollars who sheds fluorescent tears every feast day". Here he tries to make readers think about how much technology is in our lives and how it is replacing human contact with each other as we mostly communicate through things such as email and telephone and that doing this takes away the chance to really connect with and love and care about another human being, which is one of the reasons why this society is in such a terrible state.

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In the lines "I saw a SHELL sign with the S missing" Dawe uses imagery to make us picture today's society as hell on earth. This may not be exactly as some people feel all the time but it is a feeling that most people have had at some point, so Dawe plays on this to make the reader really think about how bad this world really has become to be being compared with hell, supposedly the most awful place you can imagine.

Dawe has more of an aggressive style of writing than Auden and his poem is more obvious and vicious about condemning this society's ways than "The Unknown Citizen"

"The Unknown Citizen" is written in the form of an obituary inscribed on a "marble monument erected by the state" not unlike The Unknown Soldier, a government built memorial statue which represents the many soldiers who died at war, except "The Unknown Citizen" represents the average man. He does everything in accordance with the government as showed in the lines "(He was) One against who there was no official complaint, and all the reports on his conduct agree, That, in the modern sense of an old fashioned word he was a saint", is neither rich nor poor, had a "proper" home with a wife and five children which in line 6 is said to be "the right number for a parent of his generation", was "popular with his mates and liked to drink"(line 1), worked hard in the same job all his life and supported his union.

It was the fact that he did everything properly and right though that made him so common. He was unable to think for himself, as it shows in linesand 4 "he held the proper opinion for that time of year; When there was peace, he was for peace when there was war, he went". This man was a follower, a sheep, " his reactions to advertisements were normal in every way" (line 15). By describing such a man Auden is trying to make you think that although that is how the government wants you to be, living solely with the purpose in life to earn money and not have any real opinions, living a life like this is not really living life at all, it is just being.

Both poems aim to make you realise this, and as I said before, hopefully make you not opt for the easy, artificial and non-controversial being and start taking the harder road and do something meaningful with your life that will help to change the society that we have become for the better. Reading these poems make you think about the harsh realities of life today. It may not be a happy thought as with ignorance comes bliss but wouldn't it be better for us to wake up and do something so that soon bliss can come on its own.

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Vampirism in the House of Usher

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Originally written in 18, Edgar Allan Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher" has been the object of many literary questions and criticisms. One of the most interesting questions ever raised would undoubtedly pertain to the illness that Madeline Usher suffered. Many theories have been put forth about "the disease of Lady Madeline [that] had long baffled the skill of her physicians." (Poe 786). The most obvious conclusion on this disease is that Madeline Usher suffered from vampirism. Although Poe never actually said outright that this is what affected Madeline, he did give enough evidence throughout the story for it to be a possibility and when paired with the society-of-the-time's view of death and gothic literature, vampirism is the most logical answer.

Most of the writing of Poe's literary works occurred in the middle of the 1800s. "At the heart of nineteenth century romantic cult of the dead, lay a profound ambivalence towards the dead body" (Pike Par. ). This enabled Poe to do many stories that dealt with the dying or deceased. It was a "hot" topic. "The Fall of the House of Usher", however, is slightly different. The "dead," that America loved at the time, had a new side. Since, according to Kendall, "Both male and female vampires abounded in literature by the time [Poe] published his contributions to the genre in 18" (Par. ) the backbone, the popularity of vampirism, was already in place for the short story to be accepted in the society. In short, by afflicting Madeline with "living" death, Poe not only appealed to the audience of those infatuated with death in general, but he was also able to target those that were interested in the darker, more gothic side, as well. There are many characteristics to look for when deciding if one is a vampire or not. Roxana Stuart's Stage Blood Vampires of the 1th Century Stage explains the traits of vampirism. For example, "Vampires can be either victims of a contagious disease, similar to rabies, or they can be a separate species from man; they are not necessarily connected with Satan and the powers of hell" (Qtd. in Ashley 15).This is a possible solution of how the vampirism first got into the family. Poe makes it clear throughout the story that Madeline's condition is not a new one to the family and the disease is something of a family condition. Roderick Usher, Madeline's twin brother, states that the illness is "a constitutional and family evil, and one for which he despaired to find a remedy" (Poe 767). This allows the first connection between vampirism and the Ushers. Vampirism, as previously stated, can be a race entirely different from humans, which can be taken to mean that the condition is a family flaw. Obviously, through Roderick's explanation, it is clear that Madeline is not the first of the Usher to suffer from this strange malady. Later in the story, Poe leads the reader to another possible solution on how the condition arrived into the family. This explanation is given cryptically through the recital of a favored poem of Roderick's, which states "But evil things, in robes of sorrow,/Assailed the monarch's high estate;/(Ah, let us mourn, for never morrow/Shall dawn upon him, desolate!)/And, round about his home, the glory/That blushed and bloomed/Is but a dim-remembered story/Of the old time entomed" (Poe 770). Obviously, Poe is telling the reader that at some time during the history of the Ushers, vampires entered the house and attacked its inhabitants, thus leading to the disease that affected the later generations.

Another trait of a vampire is that "They have superhuman strength, and are most powerful at night" (Ashley 15-16). As Poe's short story neared the end, we find Madeline, who was encrypted several days earlier, breaking free from her burial chamber. Poe describes this vault as being "entirely without means of admission for light" and with a "door of massive iron" (Poe 77). He goes on to say that this door was difficult for even the men to close because of "It's immense weight" (Poe 77). How could it be possible then for this woman to not only break free from her confinement of her coffin, but also open the huge and heavy weight of the door? Take into consideration as well, that her disease caused a "gradual wasting away" and that she had not eaten in several days (Poe 768). These facts make it abundantly clear that something much more was occurring within Madeline. One could say that the ability to open the door came from the fear of being "buried" alive, but desperation can only add so much to one's physical strength. Her being able to open the door obviously demonstrates that she had strength that was superhuman.

Although it is unclear if Roderick was actually afflicted with the disease, or merely afflicted by Madeline, it is clear that Madeline exuded a strange and eerie presence. As the narrator talks to Roderick, he catches sight of Madeline passing through another room "I regarded her with utter astonishment not unmingled with dread" (Poe 768). This type of reaction is actually quite common when a normal person is in the presence of a vampire. Although variations of the reaction can be found, vampires incense feelings of things askew, eeriness and spookiness, akin to what people would call the feeling of their grave being walked over, within the normal person, especially if the vampire is unaware of being watched, as in the case with the narrator and Madeline. Normally however, a vampire will wrap a psychic "shroud" around itself so that the normal person is unable to detect anything out of the ordinary.

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At one point in the story, Roderick states that the cause of his illness can be traced to his sister, saying "much of the peculiar gloom which thus afflicted him could be traced to a more natural and far more palpable originto the severe and long-continued illnessindeed to the evidently approaching dissolutionof a tenderly beloved sister" (Poe 767-768). While this can be taken sarcastically, it is much more likely that it should be taken for face value. What Roderick's message reveals here is that the cause of his illness can be traced to his sister. Apparently, her appearance affects him just as it does the narrator and it is highly likely that Roderick is her sole food source. This contributes to the symptoms of Roderick's illness, which included "cadaverousness of complexion" and "ghastly pallor of the skin" (Poe 766). However, this does not necessarily mean that she was literally feeding off his blood, which is the most common thought in association of vampire food. In the case of the Ushers, it is much more likely that Madeline was feeding off Roderick's psyche. She was draining him of life through a "vampiric exchange of energy [that] occurred between the siblings" (The Vampire Book 57). However, this was draining was also starting to occur on the narrator as well, as shown later in the story. He began to develop some of the same mental symptoms as Roderick, saying at one point that he could almost feel the change in himself, wondering if it was not merely the atmosphere of the house that caused Roderick to carry such an illness.

In conclusion, Poe's vampire motif in "The Fall of the House of Usher" is not just hypotheticalit is provable. Of course, many would argue that since it does not follow all traditional means of vampirism, then it could not possibly be true. However, it can be reasoned that Poe was not looking to meet all the regular vampire requirements or even create a story that follows basic and traditional vampire lore. Instead, it can be safely understood that the vampirism in this story was used to reach a deeper levela more advanced reader, if you will. One must take into consideration that during the nineteenth century, many literary works were being produced in this genre. After all, the population loved the dead. Poe, being who he was, wanted to not only "jump on the bandwagon", but make it his own as well. In creating the characters found in "The Fall of the House of Usher", he did just that.

Ashley, Leonard R.N. The Complete Book of Vampires. New York

Barricade Books, Inc., 18.

Kendall Jr., Lyle H. "The Vampire Motif in "The Fall of the House of

Usher." College English 4, 4 (March 16.) 450-5. Literature

Resource Center Patrick Henry Community College, Martinsville,

VA. 8 Oct. 00. http//galenet.galegroup.com/

Melton, J. Gordon. The Vampire Book The Encyclopedia of the

Undead. Farmington Hills Visible Ink Press, 1.

Pike, Judith E. "Poe and the Revenge of the Exquisite Corpse."

Studies in American Fiction. 6. (Autumn 18) 171.

InfoTrac Web, Patrick Henry Community College, Martinsville,

VA. http//galenet.galegroup.com/

Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Fall of the House of Usher." An Anthology

of American Literature Volume I Colonial through Romantic.

7th ed. Ed. George McMichael, et al. New Jersey Prentice Hall,

001. 76-777.

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American Museum Of Natural History Paper

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The Earth formed when the sun and its forming of planets formed when a cloud of dust and gas condensed 4.6 billion years ago. In large areas, iron sinks to the center forming the core. The Mantle is made up from primarily of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. It takes up 80% of the planet. The oceanic crust typically differ from continental crust because Earth's surfaces cooled below 100 degrees C. Water rained out of the atmosphere. Continental Crust is very thicker then the oceanic crust. The oldest rock that was found on Earth was the Acasta Gneiss from the Canadian Shield. Quartz pebble formedbillion years ago but the zicron crystals are 4.76 billion years old. It undergoes uplift, erosion, and growth. The age of the earth was being solved in many different ways. In the 1700's they believed on the age by parts written in the bible, to getting seashells and fossils. In the 1800's for using studies of rocks to estimated

Ice Core aremeters in lengths to form a core that penetrated through the entire 0 meter thick Greenland Ice Sheet. Left core sample depth is 708 meters in 88,670 B.C. Middle core sample depth is 168 meters in 10,075 B.C. The right core depth is 15.5 meters in 5,671 B.C. Solar radiation warms the Earths surface. Some of the hear radiated back to the atmosphere. It is trapped by greenhouse gases, without it, the Earth's average temperature would be below freezing. With it planet is warm to support life. Earth's temperature is changed because of the rotation of the planet and the rotation of the storms which can follow the planet and the areas of different climates. That climate changed effect through out when the Earth rotates. In the carbon cycle of the planet some fossil fuels releases some points of CO. When humans populate the area more and more CO go into the air increasing the use of fossil fuels.

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There were two theories that scientist said began early life. Most likely life began by hydrothermal vents or the possible theory that life began from a meteoroid hydrocarbon bubble. There were many rocks which contained old fossils. Fossil fish were used to be in the Knightia which was an extinct river. The compositions of the atmosphere over time was that the oxygen which is now Earth's atmosphere was not there in the beginning. Early life began when the sun was releasing energies into foods. The Jasper iron reminded that life was breathable back then. Even though the sun was 5% less bright then today the earth was young and the core was bigger making it colder then it is today even though the sun was less bright. For the pastmillion years the climate of our planet has been mostly cold, with great ice caps covering most of the continents. Temperatures were 5 to 15 degrees C colder then today. The glacier periods were interrupted by the warm periods which makes up about 10% of the last million years.

On Earth there were many geological history and the most greatest in America was the Grand Canyon and what process brought about its formation. Themajor type if rocks in the Grand Canyon were Tapeats Sandstone which are the first sedimentary layer deposit about 550 million years ago. Red wall limestones for 00 million years after deposition of the tapeats. Coconino Sandstone formed 80 million years later. The oldest known rock on the Grand Canyon is the Tapeats Sandstone which is 550 million years old and the youngest known rock is the Kaibab Limestone which is 60 million years old. The ancient evens stated that it was caused by the extensive uplift and erosion to raise the rocks higher. It is mainly formed when climates changes over time. The Tapeats Sandstones is 550 Million years old. It was the first sedimentary layer deposited along the beach of and ancient shoreline. The shviwits plateau just to the north of the Grand Canyon contained gravels deposited by rivers. Soon after the deposit the gravels were covered by lava dated 6 million years old. The canyon was formed by uplift and erosion.

Also in events many volcanoes were formed and there were considered to betypes of volcanoes, explosive volcanoes and effusive volcanoes. When the effusive volcanoes erupts effusively it forms flows. Most basaltic lava erupts and forms more flows and most of these volcanoes erupt usually on ocean floor. Effusive volcanoes formed the Mid-Atlantic ridge when the magma exploded in between the ocean, it separates the direction of plates to go opposite ways. Basaltic lava mostly erupts on the ocean floor and under/along the sea or the mountain chains. Intrusive rocks formed by molten magma, Igneous rocks are when magma cools down. Explosive is caused when the magma is very hot it causes and lifts above and explodes making the magma to flow out our of the volcanic structure and cools down quickly when it reaches the outside surface. Explosive volcanoes occurs on the surface in the continents forming from the ground up whenplates collides together and it rises above surface. Igneous rock is telling us that the temperature of the lava cool down quickly. Metamorphic rock is which rock changes entirely due to the volcanic eruption and sedimentary rock forming after the magma is dried.

Overall in conclusion these were possibly the major effects upon our planet and how climate and life evolved. How Earth's possible age was calculated and how people went far and beyond to determine the Earth's age and other scientific questions which we now know today.

Please note that this sample paper on American Museum Of Natural History Paper is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on American Museum Of Natural History Paper, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon American Museum Of Natural History Paper will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Parent-child relationships in the novel Great Expectations

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Parent- child Relationships

In the novel "Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens the author writes an enduring story about childhood, parenthood, adulthood, love and all the other essentials of life. He creates two parent-child relationships that have many contrasts but yet seem to be similar in the overall view. The influences of Miss. Havisham on Estella and Magwitch on Pip make them what they are when they are adults, which in some cases is the opposite of their benefactors' intentions.

Miss. Havisham and Magwitch both play the roles of benefactors to two orphan children, Estella and Pip. Miss Havisham adopts Estella at a very young age and raises her to be a young lady. However her main intentions towards Estella seemed to be that she should become a source of grief for all men because of her own heartbreak caused by a man. Her intentions are most clearly explained when she talks to Pip, "Love her, love her, love her! I adopted her to be loved. I bred her and educated her to be loved. I developed her into what she is that she might be loved…" Later on in the story she also tells him that he should love her if she wants him, but also to love her if she breaks his heart. The role of Magwitch in Pip's life is a great one, even though he is only physically present for a short while. He becomes Pip's benefactor at a much later stage than Miss. Havisham does to Estella.He becomes Pip's unknown source of money and wealth. However even though he was not present a lot in Pip's lie he still tries to live his own dream through him. He wants Pip to be a gentleman because he knows what it's like to be poor and have people look at you as lower then they are." When he was put in the dock, I noticed first of all what a gentleman Compeyson looked, wi' his curly hair and his black clothes and his white pocket handkercher, and white what a common sort of wretch I looked. When the evidence was giv, I noticed how it was always me that had seemed to work the thing and get the profit… My lord and gentlemen, here you has afore you side by side two persons; one… well brought up; and one… ill brought up…." This quote speaks for itself why Magwitch adopted Pip. He wanted him to be treated well and fairly and to have a chance in the world. Both of the benefactors in the story had brought their adoptees up to be a well-respected lady and gentlemen, however they both wished for Pip and Estella to have what they never had.

Throughout the whole story the irony of it is that Miss. Havisham has a bad influence on Estella while Magwitch amazingly has a good influence on Pip. Magwitch seems to teach Pip more about responsibility, respect and how to be a gentleman even though he is a convict. However, Miss. Havisham on the other hand is a well-known lady who seems to be respected by everyone, but yet seems to influence Estella in the wrong way by making her a heartless person who enjoys breaking the hearts of any man who steps her way. Magwitch encourages Pip to do good and be a good person by giving him money, but also when he comes to visit him he makes Pip realize the importance of caring for a person and trying to do a good thing for someone, when he attempts to escape with Magwitch to a safe place. The bad influence of Miss. Havisham is clear when Estella rejects her and says, " I must be taken as have been made. The success is not mine, the failure is not mine, but the two together make me." This quote by itself tells us that Estella has been controlled by Miss.Havisham and turned out to be what Miss. Havisham thought that she should be. However she herself sees that this is not right. The good and bad influence on the characters is also shown explicitly towards the end of the novel. Both of the adoptees grieve for the death of their loved benefactors, but one manages to make the right decisions while the other lives on with grief. Pip manages to survive his grief and move on and be happy, but Estella lives on a life of pain and sorrow for choosing the wrong man to marry.

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The benefactors both have dreams for their adoptees at the beginning, however they realize that that it is not very easy to accomplish them or even that they are the wrong things to be wishing for. Miss. Havisham, right before her death when Estella rejects Pip, realizes that what she has wanted all this while was wrong. She puts her hand to her heart and looked upon Estella and Pip with " a ghastly stare of pity and remorse." Magwitch however realizes that Pips being a gentleman is hard with him around, but is proud and happy to know that he had accomplished in making him a truthful, loving, caring, and respectable gentleman when he dies. Their hope and dreams had faults in them, but for Magwitch the overall accomplishment was one to be admired, while Miss. Havisham must have died with a lot of guilt and sorrow.

The two parent- child relationships in the novel clearly relate to each other. They have the same backbone to them however one ironically seems to influence the adoptee in a beneficial way while the other causes grief and confusion to the adoptee. However these kinds of mistakes are common in life, but not as drastic as written in this novel. The ones that turn out to be happy and cheerful for the rest pf their life are the lucky ones from the bunch.

Please note that this sample paper on Parent-child relationships in the novel Great Expectations is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Parent-child relationships in the novel Great Expectations, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Parent-child relationships in the novel Great Expectations will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Paparazzi, Celebrities, and the Media

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Paparazzi, Celebrities, and the Media

Our society is obsessed with celebrities.This obsession has turned what most photojournalist would consider off limits and into photojournalists who are maniacs, paparazzi.The word paparazzi, comes from the word "paparazzo", which is Italian for annoying insect.Paparazzi are self-employed freelance photographers who sell their pictures for large amounts of money.These photographers have no respect for the moral and ethical values in photography, and they have earned this title.Some photographers and reporters will go to any means, even illegal actions, to get a picture or story.However, public figures are human beings like everyone else, and the media should give them the right to privacy.The media needs to operate with more respect for both laws and for moral and ethical codes of conduct.There are laws establishing the privacy of an individual, and the media needs to extend these rights to public figures.Problems with the paparazziis an increasing issue that needs to be stopped because it is ruining people's lives.

Public figures are entitled to their own private lives, and up until two generations ago this was not a problem.President Franklin D. Roosevelt used a wheel chair or braces, but that disability was rarely mentioned and almost never photographed.Many previous presidents were unfaithful to their wives, but the media did not cover these affairs that were common knowledge to the press corps (Knowlton 51).However, the extramarital affairs of President Clinton were widely covered by the media.The ethical code of conduct has fallen apart, and the media has new views of the amount of privacy that should be extended to public figures.

According to Steven Knowlton, author ofMoral Reasoning for Journalists, "Celebrities of all sorts- musicians, athletes, entertainers, and others- make their living from the public and the public therefore in a sense employs them, just as it employs governors and presidents…."(54).Most journalists figure that celebrities voluntarily surrender their privacy as part of an unwritten contract with the members of society who pay their salaries through purchasing.Additionally, the Supreme Court ruled in 164 Sullivan v. New York Times case, that vulnerability is taken as a price of admission to the public arena.The privilege to cover public figures is almost unlimited, and the public figures have few privacy rights.

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People reasonably expect privacy inside a house or fenced yard not visible for the street and inside living facilities such as in hospitals and nursing homes.Photographers need permission to both enter and photograph these private places.However, anyone is fair game to be photographed and have their picture published if the photo was taken in a public place.This includes people seen though the windows of their own home (Dill 178).However, the New York Court ruled that photographers shooting inside a restaurant needed permission because the restaurant was a public place for purposes of dining, and patrons dining there should reasonably be allowed to dine in peace (Dill 177).Even though it is currently legal to photograph public figures in the privacy of their own homes, ethically speaking it does not mean these pictures should be published.However, because ethical codes are not working, there needs to be legal reform.

Additionally, breaking and entering or using trickery, impersonation, fraud and disguise to gain admission to a private area are illegal.Even though these acts are illegal, some members of the media still break the law to get the picture or story they want.Often times, photographers or reporters who are illegally in a private place are forced to leave, but it is usually after they already have the picture or quote they want.Public figures need to press charges so members of the media with no respect for the law are punished.

According to Smolla, the author of Suing the Press, "Paparazzi photographers specialize in making themselves as visible to the public and as cloyingly obnoxious to their photographic subjects as possible." (10).Some public figures find it necessaryto go to the authorities in order to keep the paparazzi away.For example, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and her children were the ongoing preoccupation of Donald Galella, who fancied himself a paparazzo (Smolla 10).Onassis sued Galella, seeking not money but a court order forcing him to stop his paparazzi tactics.Onassis won and Galella was ordered to keep 100 yards away from both Onassis and her children at all times (Smolla 11).Public figures should not find it necessary to personally seek legal action to ensure their privacy from the media.Therefore, if the ethical and moral codes of conduct are not working, the laws and authorities should take a more active approach to ensure the privacy of public figures.

Many people have expressed their feelings toward the paparazzi in various ways.The death of Princess Diana has increased greatly increased the disgust and anger directed towards the paparazzi.Princess Di was being chased by seven paparazzi during the fatal accident, and many people have blamed the paparazzi for her death.The princess herself had pleaded with paparazzi in the past to leave her alone, begging for protection from what she called a distressing intrusion into her private life.She even filed a restraining order against one photographer a year before her death.Famous actor, Tom Cruisecommented, "I have actually been in the same tunnel being chased by paparazzi and they run lights and chase you and harass you the whole time and it happens all over the world." (Claffely).Tom Cruise has also called for laws to control the paparazzi.There have been many other run-ins with the paparazzi.For instance, Arnold Shwarzenager and Maria Shriver were ambushed by celebrity photographers and trapped in a Mercedes-Benz beween two cars piloted by paparazzi, who were charged with a misdemeanor for false imprisonment.

Some celebrities have used violence to fight against the paparazzi while others have maintained vocal opposition.For instance, Alec Baldwin and his wife Kim Basinger were confronted by a photographer as they brought their newborn daughter home for the hospital.Baldwin punched him and was acquitted with battery charge.In addition, George Clooney, upset about a broadcast on his girlfriend, urged a Boycott of Paramount Pictures Television Group because its tabloid TV shows use video paparazzi footage (Claffey).Will Smith and Woody Harrelson both took swings at tabloid shooters in separate airport incidents and Robert DeNiro battled with a photographer in New York. Futhermore, magazines, newspapers, and other publications deserve part of the blame associated with the paparazzi because they pay large sums of money for photos, encouraging the ruthless and greedy photographers.However, many American publications did not accept offers to buy photos of Princess Di and the crash scene because they wanted to send a message to the paparazzi.

New technology is making it extremely difficult for both celebrities and ordinary people to insulate themselves from public view, especially at their most vulnerable moments.People who have lost a child, spouse, or who are in another time of grief are often unable to grieve privately, simply because of the persistence of someone who wants to exploit their tragedy.However, it is usually illegal to photograph a widow inside a funeral home or at a religious service without permission.Nonetheless, reporters and photographers should take a second think about what they are about to publish and how they obtained the information or photograph.

There are laws protecting the privacy of an individual, and all of these should be extended further to include public figures.In addition, policy makers should strongly consider passing new laws to increase the privacy given to all individuals.At the least, they should prohibit photographers from invading a private domain with the use of long-distance photographic equipment and other high-tech equipment.They should also make is a misdemeanor to publish photographs taken without permission in a home or other private place.Even though these are not currently illegal actions, the media should act as if they were.Like other people, public figures should be able to separate their jobs from their family and personal lives.When public figures are spending time with their families, they should not be harassed by the media;

Does our society have to revolve around knowing every detail of other people's lives?This problem has grown rapidly and people need to stop and think about the right thing to do.The paparazzi need to be stopped and it could be on the decline if more people stepped forward to change the law.Intrusions on the privacy of celebrities are intrusions on the privacy of everyone.

Please note that this sample paper on Paparazzi, Celebrities, and the Media is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Paparazzi, Celebrities, and the Media, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Paparazzi, Celebrities, and the Media will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Ryanair

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Ryanair. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Ryanair paper right on time.

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Question 1

Analyze the European airline industry, with implications for the budget sector and especially Ryanair

The European airline industry comprise of well established national competitors such as British Airways, KLM and Luthansa which controls the market share at the higher end of the market. The abovementioned companies use differentiation strategies to compete and win market share. It is very difficult for new entrants to the European market such as Ryanair to compete against well established competitors on that basis. New entrants therefore must adopt different strategies to be competitive such as low-price strategies to gain market share in a highly competitive European market.

Ryanair competes in the low-fare end of the European airline market. Ryanairentered the European market by targeting the low-cost/low-added-value sector of the market. This strategy proved its success with R recording highest return on capital employed of all shares on the Irish Stock Exchange. Any company competing in the lower end of the market for market share, the ROCE must be considered to be the most important or crucial financial measurement for success. Furthermore, any company competing in the low-cost market in any given industry rely heavily on good management skills. Most of these skills are being acquired through experience which takes time but lead to core competencies and certain resource capabilities as has been demonstrated by R in recent years. The lower-end of the European market is well contested at present and all possible measures must be introduced by competing companies to improve on its core competencies.

As previously mentioned, Ryanair strategically positioned itself in the budget sector of the airline industry in the UK, also competing in the European market. The high-cost sector is well covered by established competitors in the European market and Ryanair, although highly successful will not consider new opportunities in that sector. Ryanair from its humble beginnings learned from previous experience and by only targeting the segment of the market it knows well, managed to secure thirty-three percent of the European low-cost sector.R is always searching new frontiers in the market, looking to exploit new possibilities and new routes that might prove to be profitable. Business currently originates from three different segments and its main segment at present is situated in the UK. That suggest that business in the UK is well covered and the very next growth market is inter-continental flights in Europe where some scope for growth in market share exist.

The key factor for success in the future would be for R to compete successfully in a niche market for low-cost air travel as to protect itself from a well established market competing in the high-cost market in Europe. It is simply not worth their while for companies such as Luthansa to try and win market share from the low-cost market since they compete for a different market share in a market they do understand , niche players such as Ryanair control the market share and profit margins are too small.

Introducing the value-chain concept into the European market with companies competing in the air-travelling industry, companies such as Ryanair will be classified as being an upstream company. Ryanair and the other companies competing in the lower-cost market typically adopt resources such as process innovation, and capital intensive strategies to obtain competitive advantage. For example, opting for secondary airports all over Europe with the opted advantage of time saving on travelling and the all important cost savings factor secure better market share for Ryanair in the well contested lower-end of the market.

Innovation will play a very important role in the future success of Ryanair. Rayair certainly control the biggest share of the market at present, but this advantage can be eroded in a very short period of time. Aspects such as developing of core competencies and better exploitation of resource capabilities should give Rayanair some leverage in gaining market share in the well contested lower-end of the market for airtravelling in Europe and the UK.

Question

Eveluate Ryanair's strengths and weaknesses

Ryanair positioned itself from the onset different than the existing airways companies in Europe.They followed a strategy that enables them to achieve competitive advantage in the business they operate.

According to Johnson et al. (00 1) a competitive strategy is the bases on which a business unit might achieve competitive advantage in its market.

Basically there is two Price-based strategies that can be followed.

· "Nofrills" strategy is where you combine a low price, low perceived added value and a focus on a price-sensitive market segment.The strategymay also be a viable means of competing in an industry in which major firms are following a different strategy.This reflects directly to Ryanair's positioning in a very competitive industry they positioned themselves well and followed different strategies to differentiate themselves.

The heart of Ryan's strategy was based on providing a no-frill service with low fares designed to stimulate demand, particularly from budget-conscious leisure and business travelers, who might otherwise have used alternative forms of transportation,

· "A low price strategythat seeks to achieve a lower price than competitors whilst trying to maintain similar value of product or service to that offered by competitors.

This is also the case with Ryan's.Their objective was to maintain its position as Europe's leading low-fares airline, operating frequent point-to-point flights on short-haul flights, mainly out of regional and secondary airports.

To reach the company's common goal which is to be profitable on new routes from their inception, by pitching their fares to be low enough to attract new customers but high enough to provide a satisfactory operating margin.

They want to be seen as the most affordable airline with successful growth based on the supply of cheap transport to the Irish population in the UK and their relatives and friends in Ireland, availing of low fares to travel more often.

Also they want to gain the bulk of the second more informal airlines, that supply flights between primarily Irish - UKand various cities in continental Europe.

From out the case we can clearly see that the company is performing well for the past years, whether their strategy will sustain the current success depends on how the market responds and competitors that is making their way into the same market with the same strategies in place.

We can distinct between the following strengths and weaknesses within the company, that is mainly as result of their strategies that they implemented.

STRENGTHS

· Is Europe's first low-fares, no-frills carrier, built on the model of the highly successful Texas-based operator.

· The company that is able to go into a process of flotation, to put themselves in a better financial position, pay of loans and to purchase aircraft.

· The mere fact that they dominate the market when it concerns low-fares airlines, operating frequent point-to-point flights on short-haul lights, mainly out of regional and secondary airports. Rendering a no-frill service with low fares to stimulate demand, particularly from budget-conscious leisure and business travelers.

· The initiation of additional routes from Dublin and London to other locations in continental Europe, new UK-Ireland routes, and new intra-UK routes, which are all served by high-cost, high-fare carriers.

· In 17 Ryanair took over one of the most successful Airlines namely Aer Lingus, the number one carrier on flights between Ireland and the UK.They gained an extra 4 million passengers and a 7 % market share.

· The expansion also resulted into more routes to be offered for passengers from various cities in continental Europe.

· The establishment of the new hub at Brussels South/Charleroi Airport also boost their activities.Lower fare rate could be introduced, more flights was sold online etc.

· During 17 Ryanair dropped its cargo services, without the need to load or unload cargo, the turnaround time of an aircraft was reduced from 0 to 5 minutes.

· Extra essentials such asin-flight meals, multi-class seating, access to a frequent flyer programme, complimentary drinks and other amenities was excluded and enable Ryanair to stick to their low-cost delivery of its basic flights.

· They also enhance their revenue through ancillary services offered in conjunction with its core airline business.Include on-board sales, charter flights, travel reservations services, travel insurance, car rentals services,in-flight television advertising services, advertising outside its aircraft where sponsor paint its logo onto the plane etc.

· Ryanair'scost reduction strategy that focused on the areas offleet commonality, contracting out of services, airport charges, staff costs and productivity, and marketing costs.

· Ryanair dropped fees such as landing fees, passenger loading fees, aircraft parking fees and noise surcharges.The fact that they avoid the congested main airports, choosing secondary and regional airport destinations, which are anxious to increase passenger throughput.

· Ryanair's policy stating point-to-point flights on short-haul routes does not interline with other airlines.This allows the airline to offer direct non-stop journeys, avoiding the costs of providing through service (baggage transfer, passenger assistance etc) for connecting passengers as well as delays often caused by the late arrival of connecting flights.

· Their future plans to built their own airline terminal at Dublin Airport, and investigate the possibilities to move its center of gravity away from Dublin towards Great Britain and mainland England.

· Another advantage of Ryanair is their relationship with their staff.They give all cabin crew and pilots the opportunity to earn more than the norm , by means of maximizing the number of sectors flown daily within regulation limits

· When it comes to their marketing costs and expenditure, they also follows a very reasonable strategy.They advertise on their website, national and regional Irish and UK newspapers, on radio and on television.They were the first to cut its rate of commission to travel agents.

· They established their own website where tickets can be booked. This enabled them to respond to the travel agents, but still they decided to utilized some travel agents still, because their own system breakdown and other adverse events affecting the operation of a single centralized reservation center.

· Ryanair established a good name for themselves, they received awards for being the number three of 60 Irish Stock Exchange companies, as well as the "Irish Company of the year"accolade by Business& Finance.

WEAKNESSES

· The fact that Ryanair expand their business with the takeover of Aer Lingus resulted into substantially lower fares and significant increase in traffic on the routes serviced by Ryanair.

· The moment they cut their commission rates with the travel agents, certain factors was influenced.For example the travel agents negatively perceived their change and stop selling their tickets.

· The current status quo now needs to be maintained, and focused on its niche to keep costs under control.This can easily be influenced by external factors such as an increase in the petrol price.Because they increased the amount of flights can also increased the usage of petrol.

· The cheap flight deals offered to customers are frequently confusing.Often when passengers attempt to avail themselves of advertised bargains, they discover that the deals are hedged with conditions, and that just a small proportion of seats are offered at the bargain fares.

· They will be forced to maintain the current status quo concerning their low air-fares and costs they charged.The moment they change their price strategy and or the no-frills strategy they will influence their current positioned.

· The mere fact that they focus on secondary airports for stopping will limit their expansion in future.

Question

Is Ryanair's strategy sustainable?

Yes, but short term. There are many factors that can influence this company's sustainability over the next few years. For know they are doing well and should carryon with there current strategy.

The following might hamper to sustain Ryanair's strategy

Price

The heart of its strategy was based on providing a no-frills service with low fares designed to stimulate demand, particularly from budget-conscious leisure and business travelers, who might otherwise have used alternative forms of transportation, or who might have not traveled at all.

It is the 'no frills' strategy, which combines a low price, low perceived added value and a focus on a price-sensitive market segment. It can be viable because there may well exist a segment of the market which, Whilst recognizing that the quality of the product or service might be low, cannot or chooses not to afford to buy better-quality goods (Route 1). Route , the low price strategy seeks to achieve a lower price than competitors whilst trying to maintain similar value of product or service to that offered by competitors. (Johnson & Scholes 001)

With reducing the price every time they might find themselves in a situation where it's no longer profitable for them. If their service is not up to standard, companies that use Ryanair for advertising will be forced to go elsewhere as bad publicity is not good. When one charges for a service, it's natural to offer good customer service, if not what's the sense of giving customer service. By lowering prices, causes ones competitor to follow, if they are strong enough in terms of financial backing they can affect your business.

In 17 Ryanair had 7% Irish customers, by 001 only 0%. This is because of other routes and mostly the cheap airfares.

As fuel prices increases this could also affect the price of tickets and consumer demand.

Competition

Competitive strategy is the bases on which a business unit might achieve competitive advantage in it's market. (Johnson & Scholes 001)

Given its goal of becoming Europes biggest airline so quickly, Ryanair had little choice, as there are limits to internal growth. By buying Buzz, which KLM was glad to ditch, Ryanair gets another 1 routes from Stansted, its main UK base, to Germany, Holland, France and Spain, as well as two French domestic routes. The deal would intensify competition between Ryanair and EasyJet in the discount market. Ryanair would strengthen its position in France and Germany, where it will become No 1 in the budget sector in those two key European markets.

Perhaps the most dangerous is that Ryanair will find it difficult to replicate elsewhere the success it has enjoyed in the UK. Italy may be ripe for picking off because it has a weak national carrier, but Germany and France will be tougher markets, not just because they have stronger national airlines. Good rail and road links also present stiff competition.

Flag carriers will not take Ryanairs expansion lying down either and BA, for one, has already responded by simplifying its fare structure and bringing prices down. BA has also gone for Ryanairs soft underbelly - its poor reputation for customer service.

According to David(001-100) this is normally the most powerful force. Any change in strategy by one firm will automatically cause the competitors to change as well. Big airline carriers will most definitely compete for market share and this might affect Ryanair.

Investment

Ryanair also runs the risk of buying too many planes too fast. It has ordered 45 new Boeings with atbillion dollars. The trouble is that it may base future decisions on the capacity it has to carry passengers rather than developing the best and most profitable routes - a subtle difference.

Ryanairs purchase of Buzz. In it, CEO Michael OLeary says that he will shut down Buzz if its employees dont agree to the low-cost way of business (i.e., irregular hours, quicker turnaround times). Moreover, he immediately slashed flights to unprofitable cities and threatened airports in Buzz cities that if they dont cut landing fees hell pull out. Note OLearys single-minded focus on Ryanairs strategy Flexible staff, quick turnaround, low landing fees to secondary airports if necessary. You can't be all things to all people. The people that work for you are important, they are your customers.

Alternative transport

In the case study we pickup that the rail transport in most of Europe is very efficient and cost effective.Many commuters prefer using this mode of transport thus decreasing seats on flights. This could impact on Ryanair's strategy as they spent $ billion on new planes.

In Europe high-speed rail travel and the construction of major tunnels and bridges, for example the Channel Tunnel across the English Channel, provide viable and often quicker transport alternatives to air for journeys of up to 500km. This has a dramatic effect in some cases. For example after a high speed rail link was established between Madrid and Seville, the rail versus air split changed from % rail and 67% air, to 8% rail and 18% air.

Technology improvement

With the world moving towards virtual office technology, Business people cannot use mobile communication means on planes, but can use this on rail or vehicle. With emergence of video conferencing many business people are not flying and can conduct business from their companies or at home. However on the other hand many people enjoy the luxuries of not being contacted.

Airport policy

Airport charges include landing fees, passenger loading fees, aircraft parking fees and noise surcharges. Ryanair has reduced these fees by avoiding congested main airports. If airport prices are increases Ryanair will have to charge more also if decreased other competitive airlines will also follow this route.

Employees and customers

The employees seem very happy at Ryanair, if they encounter problems with them this could lead to bad service. Ryanair has been newsworthy and controversial company in Ireland with respect to it's employment practices, most specifically in its refusal to recognize any trade unions. The company regards the heavily unionized nature of employment in it's rival Aer Lingus as a huge contributory factor to the state airline's historical lack of competitiveness.

Market orientation and customer satisfaction will continue to be king.Firms will accept this philosophy not in a superficial manner, but as a way of driving most of their business decisions. Firms will base a significant part of their incentive and compensation system on the degree of customer satisfaction.

For now Ryanair has a good working strategy and should continue with it, but for future plans they should consider contingency plans in the above are. This should be part of their future business plan. Some scenario techniques must be used in order to sustain the strategy.

According to Johnson et al (00 8). In dynamic conditions, managers need to consider the environment of the future, nor just of the past. The degree of uncertainty therefore increases.. They may employ structured ways of making sense of the future, such as scenario planning, or they may rely more on encouraging active sensing of environmental changes low down in the organisation and the sort of diversity and variety seen as necessary through the ideas lens.

Scenario is a detailed plausible view of how the business environment of an organisation might develop in the future based on groupings of key environmental influences and drivers of change about which there is a high level of uncertainty.

Question 4

Would you recommend any changes to Ryanair's approach?

No, I will not recommend any changes to Rynair's approach.

Ø Rynair is currently doing well in its industry.Many airlines came into the industry and most of them went under but Rynair managed to survive all the problems and became successful.This is proved by the many awards that the company has received.In 18 survey of the Irish enquiries markets, Rynair had the highest return on capital employed of all shares quoted on the stock exchange.It was ranked numberof 60 Irish stock exchange companies on the criteria of strategic positioning, capital structure and marketing

Ø In 1 and 000 Rynair won the prestigious best managed airline award.The award was based on six criteria 1. Asset utilization, . Productivity, . Financial stability, liquidity and valuation.

Ø The management style that is used at Rynair is very suitable for its employees.

Ø The company is using the latest technology to do its business.Instead of going to buy a ticket one can just do it via the internet.

Ø There is a very high return on investment at Rynair.This is characterized by the following-

Competitive strength

v Market share

v Relative share

v Relative quality

v Patents

v Customer coverage.

Ø Rynair has a very high market share. It was the first mover into the budget airline industry and

many other airlines joined in but most of them did not make itRynair remained the leader of the pack.

Market attractiveness

v Growth

v Concentration

v Innovation

v Bargaining power and

v Logistical complexity.

Rynair went into Europe.It held 60% business in UK Operations, 18% from Ireland and the rest from continental Europe.Rynair had 45 routes across 11 countries in Europe and indicated it was focusing on intensifying competitive pressure on established Europian flag carriers and other low cost airlines.Rynair has increased its profits for 10 years in succession.

Lean Production

v Investment intensity

v Fixed vs liquid assets.

v Capacity utilization

v Productivity

Ø Rynair had a strategy set out for its investments opportunities.It was looking into offering more European routes form Stansted.The new bases would shift the focus of its next phase of growth to continental Europe which was expected to be the source of 40% of Rynair's traffic within the nextyears.

People excellence

v Lean organization

v Participative culture

v Incentives

v Training

v Insiders and outsiders

Ø Rynair puts the interests of its employees at heart.There were incentives that were given to employees for a job well done.It has a performance related pay structure.In 18 Rynair announced an employee share of the company.In 001 Rynair's pilots and in-flight employees received a generous 5 years pay, productivity and share options packages.

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What is the meaning of life?

Life's meaning does not need to be invented or deduced or conjectured anew in each age.It can be experienced if we begin to follow the bread crumbs dropped by those who have traveled the road before us.Countless spiritual pilgrims have felt the longings we all feel, have encountered the obstacles we encounter have devoted themselves to the truth we wish to do.It is a great reassurance to pick up their writings or teachings and begin adapting them to the particulars of our own lives.

We all live in an age when the ordinary seems extraordinary to take time to watch the sun rise, to enjoy a peaceful cup of ice-blended whilst listening to music, to eat breakfast or dinner with all the members of our family together at one time and to actually enjoy each others company.Such simple, human moments are romanticized in commercials for their nostalgia value because they have become so rare today.

And we also live in an age when the extraordinary seems ordinary a relentless pace that would bring Alexander the Great to his knees; a level of materialism and creature comforts that would exceed Cleopatra's wildest dreams; a degree of self-absorption that would make Narcissus blush.Tens of millions of us who can't keep up, or who become understandably confused or depressed, are prescribed powerful drugs to help us fall back into place.This is not just extraordinary; I think it is rather incredible.In our era, even ancient spiritual practices may be used not so much for touching the sacred but for reducing stress so that we can keep up the truly soul-destructive, frenetic level of activity.Americans for example, turn to disciplines like meditation or yoga more often through the advice of their doctors than through the teachings of sages.When we dare to slow down and ask ourselves some probing question, how well do our answers satisfy us?Are we deeply fulfilled?Do we feel our lives have clear sense of purpose?Do we see our place in the great scheme of things?Do we have confidence in the future of our society?

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Life is a school. We are in a protected environment. This reality is a metaphor for larger realities in which we are to eventually take part. While what we do here does not have permanent consequences, it is vital for our learning that we take it somewhat seriously. Just as school work requires serious effort but isnt supposed to be performed perfectly, we are expected to make mistakes as we try to create the world from the model that we see dimly in our minds. The mistakes we make in life, the cruel and thoughtless things we do, are really the foibles of children. Our errors do not weight eternally against our soul, and they are not put on your permanent record. Their only purpose is to teach us to improve.We have been given the freedom to create the reality we experience because we are supposed to learn from it.

We have to exercise flexibility.We have to switch lanes if we think that our lives may be in the fast lane.Sometimes, there may be humps along the way and we may falter from time to time.But we have to get on with our lives.We must never allow ourselves to be a stumbling block but instead the stepping stone that enables us to leap to even greater heights.Once in a while, try listening to our hearts and we may be surprise with the positive impact it exerts on our lives.After all, we have been trained to use our brains for too long.Ultimately, timely change is inevitable.

Life is all about listening to others.After all, we have two ears and one mouth.This long forsaken skill will save us from tremendous conflicts and misunderstandings regardless of the severity.Misunderstandings can be avoided if we build bridges instead of walls.People are not perfect.Humans do err sometimes.But we must be able to learn to forgive them although it is difficult initially.It all boils down to our own intentions.If we wish to see smiles of joy and happiness on everybody's faces, there is no need for us to be revengeful and bear grudges against people.If we are in the wrong, we have to learn to swallow our pride and accept our mistakes.Life too expects us to look beyond people's behaviour.We must look for goodness instead of their weaknesses and shortcomings.And importantly, we must never habour any evil thoughts.Bottling such thoughts is like shaking a can of Coke before opening it.Instead, we must push it away from our minds.

In life, we must strive to exert positive energies on others.I've always believed that if we brighten other people's lives, our own lives will shine.

Finally, in my opinion, inward character reflection is as important as our external characters.Our inward characters are like the foundations of a building.We must learn to smile and praise others.Life will be more pleasant if we give ourselves pats on our backs and reward ourselves with good things.Life does not need anger to survive.It only drives us nearer to our graves.In life, small things should never make us sweat.They are only the red lights along the road to our destination.

We are born crying while everyone around us is smiling.When we depart from this place, everyone around us will be crying; and, hopefully, we will be smiling.We should just lead a full life and rep its rewards.But how can we if we ourselves do not know the value of such priceless possession that is just lent but not given to us?The may be no one answer to the question posed.Even with such diversities and polymorphous nature, we all know that the true meaning of life is when we are able to achieve and sustain happiness in our everyday actions.We are all here to love each other and all living things.There is nothing else we have to learn and nothing else we have to do.

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