January 31, 2020

World War 1: The Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

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WORLD WAR I The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand


There were three main causes leading up to World War 1, but it wasn¡¦t until June 8, 114 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered World War 1 which began on July 8, 114.


The main causes leading of World War 1 were The Rise of Nationalism, Build-up of Military might, and system of military alliances. Europe avoided major wars in the 100 years before world War 1 began. In the 1800¡¦s, nationalism swept across the continent that help bring about the Great War. Nationalism led to the creation of two new powers - Italy and Germany - through the uniting of several small states. On the other hand, nationalism weakened the eastern European empires of Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Ottoman Turkey. Those empires ruled many national groups that wanted independence. Tensions began that threatened to ignite a major war. Rivalry for control of the Balkans added to the tensions that erupted into World War 1. A build-up of military might occurred among European countries before World War 1 broke out. Nationalism encouraged public support for military build-ups and for a countries use of force to achieve it¡¦s goals. By the end of the 1800¡¦s, technology enabled countries to fight longer and have greater losses than ever before. A system of military alliances gave European powers a sense of security before World War 1 broke out. They formed alliances with each other for protection and guarantee that other members of the alliance would come to the countries aid if attacked. Although alliances provided protection, the system also created some dangers. If war came, the alliance systemmeant that a number of nations would fight, not only the two involved in the argument. Alliances could cause a country to go to war against a country it had no argument with. In addition, the terms of many alliances were kept secret. The secrecy also increased the chances that a country might guess wrong about the consequences of their actions. These three things were major factors that lead to War World 1 breaking out.


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Two bullets shot on a Sarajevo street on a June morning set in motion a series of events that shaped the world we live in today. Archduke Ferdinand heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and his wife Sophie were shot to death as they rode through the city of Sarajevo in a motorcade. They were returning from an official visit City Hall in Sarajevo. They were unaware that there were seven members of the Black Hand ( a Serbian terrorist group) joining the crowd that lined the streets. Although he could speed past the first few conspirators, the road had sharp turn at a bridge over the river of Nilgacka, giving the leader of the conspiracyan amazing opportunity to fire the two shots. The first shot that Garilo Princip took struck Archduchess Sofia in the abdomen. She was an expectant mother and died instantly. The second bullet struck the Archduke close to the heart. He uttered ¡§Sophie dear, Sophie dear, don¡¦t die! Stay alive for our children.¡¨ then his head fell back and he collapsed. He died almost instantly.


World War 1 began on July 8, 114 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Because of Austria-Hungary¡¦s alliance with Germany, Serbia seeked help from Russia. In 114 Russia vowed to stand behind Serbia, but Russia first gained support from France. Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 114, in response to Russia mobilization Two days later Germany declared was on France. The German army swept in to Belgium on its way to France. The invasion of Belgium caused Britian to declare war on Germany on August 4. August 6-1 the Germans crushed the Russian second army at Tannenburg. September 1-October the Russians defeated the Austrians in the Battle of Lemburg. The Allies stopped the Germans in the first Battle of Marne September 6- which was a key victory for the allies because it ended Germanys hopes to defeat France quickly. Germany failed to reach the English Channel on October 1 through November 17 in the first battle of Ypres. The battle lasted from mid-October through mid-November. By late November 114, the war reached a deadlocked along the Western Front as neither side gained much ground. The deadlock lasted nearly three and a half years. These are the events in the first year.


There were three main causes up leading to World War 1, but it wasn¡¦t until June 8, 114 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered World War 1 which began on July 8, 114.


References


P Brook-Shepard, Gordon, Archduke of Sarajevo (184)


PDedijer, Vladimir, The Road to Sarajevo (166)


P Morton Frederick, Thunder at Twilight(18)


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January 30, 2020

Toni Morrisons "Beloved": The Ultimate Freedom

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In Toni Morrison's Beloved, the characters struggle with accepting the horror of their pasts in the world of slavery and moving on with their lives. Despite their theoretical emancipation, Paul D and Sethe are still enslaved, not only by continuing societal prejudices, but also their own need for self-preservation. A major part of that self-preservation is maintaining their hard-sought emancipation, not just from slavery, but from any type of bondage. Paul D upsets that precarious sense of freedom in his need for Sethe's too-thick love; consequently, he wrestles with the knowledge that allowing himself to love her would mean risking what is left of his strength and risking his license to roam. Paul D searches throughout Morrison's novel to preserve his freedom and his red heart stored in a rusty tobacco tin, but he nevertheless reaches simultaneously for Sethe's love, and the conflict between the twolove and self-protectionleaves Paul D in a quandary until finally he discovers that love is the ultimate freedom.


Paul D's need for freedom is easily understandable, particularly as a former slave, and yet his search for true freedom is not as simple as escaping the bonds of slavery. Fighting between protecting his tobacco tin buried in his chest where a red heart used to be and allowing himself to stay with and love Sethe, Paul D finds that both his wishes leave something to be desired. Paul D knows that entering into a relationship might push them both to a place they couldn't get back from and would let loose all the scary contents of the tobacco tin inside his chest. For Paul D, Sethe's scariest characteristic is her too-thick love. It threatens his very theory of existence, which is to love just a little; Sethe's love, particularly for her children, is very risky


For a used-to-be-slave woman to love anything that much [is] dangerous, especially if it [is] her children she had settled on to love. The best thing, he [knows], [is] to love just a little bit; everything, just a little bit, so when they broke its back, or [shove] it in a croaker sack, well, maybe you'd have a little love left over for the next one.


Paul D is a victim of too much knowledge. Slavery gave every person who endured it a powerful sense of life's uncontrollable mutability. While Sethe responds to her knowledge of the transience of everything in this world except for hardship with a fierce love, Paul D cannot let himself risk what he feels is inevitable heartbreak. He has learned to shut down a generous portion of his head, operating on the part that helped him walk, eat, sleep, sing, because it is the only way he can forget the pain of the past and avoid the pain of the future. Even before he discovers the lengths to which Sethe has gone in the name of love, Paul D fears being caught in her love, as if it were another form of slavery. For Paul D, the bonds of love, though certainly not the painful iron ones of slavery, are nevertheless bondage. While Paul D feels pulled towards Sethe from the very beginning, he knows it is a bold move to follow that pull. Paul D follows it, but he does his best to withhold the contents of his rusty tobacco tin and preserve his freedom and his heart.


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Despite his desire for self-preservation, Paul D finds Sethe and her companionship alluring. Paul D, without realizing he is opening his heart to love Sethe, pursues a relationship; he looks for a home. In Sethe, he knows he has found one, and Paul D treasures it enough to kick out a ghost and weather the difficulties involved in cultivating his own presence as a member of the family. Amid his assertions that he is keeping Sethe from his missing heart, Paul D tries to make a life with her; he knows that it wasn't the place [he] was heading toward; it was [Sethe]. Paul D believes that and he leaves Sethe so he can escape being hurt before he allows himself to love herhe thinks he cannot handle the power of her love. Before he leaves, Paul D is not happyhe is fighting with Beloved for Sethe's love and attention and losingbut Sethe's love is not the cause of his unhappiness. In fact, every aspect of Paul D's unhappiness while living with Sethe relates to his inability to love her completely, due to her daughters' possessiveness of her and to his doubts and fears. Beloved's repeated relocation of Paul D means he cannot sleep comfortably in Sethe's house, and both Denver's and Beloved's overt contempt for Paul D creates tension in the house; nevertheless, Paul D wants so much to be with Sethe that he want[s] her pregnant as a way to hold on to her, document his manhood and break out of the girl's spellall in one. Paul D unconsciously craves the love Sethe offers, and what he cannot escape are his self-erected impediments. After Paul D leaves her house, he is distraughthe discovers that his heart was already open and in love with Sethe. During Paul D's self-seclusion, he still longs for Sethe, knowing that he failed in the attempt to think only about the next meal and night's sleep. Paul D loves Sethe, despite his distrust of the emotion, from beginning to end.


The conflict inside Paul D's head over whether to stay or to go is barely a question of action until he discovers just how thick Sethe's love is. Paul D remains in her house, despite Beloved's loudly malicious presence, despite Denver's disapproval, despite his own fears about the risks involved, because he thinks that his heart is no longer there and that he can protect himself from falling too hard into love. The discovery of the extent of Sethe's love, however, is too much for Paul D; when he learns that she killed her child and tried to kill the others to protect her children from slavery, Paul D knows that, as Stamp Paid says, Sethe ain't crazy. She love those children. She was trying to out-hurt the hurter. For Paul D, that is the very problem. Once he learns just how vehement her love is, Paul D can no longer handle the risk, and yet his flight is too late.


Alone, Paul D realizes that his tobacco tin, blown open, [has] spilled contents that [float] freely and [make] him their play and prey. This allusion to Paul D's heart as a Pandora's box illuminates just how perilous he feels the opening of his tin is; the strength of Sethe's love breaks through the rust of the tobacco tin, and she lets out what Paul D sees as evilhis love. However, it is his escape from love that causes Paul D much grief. Paul D leaves because he fears being bound by the powerful love in 14, and yet, in truth, his restlessness and fear are what bind himthey enslave him to a permanent state of impermanence. Paul D's time alone teaches him that his urge to escape anything permanent is a reaction to his pastas he tells Sethe, [they] got more yesterday than anybody. [They] need some kind of tomorrow. This optimism in the possibility of a future together, and his final actiontaking hold of her handshow Paul D's maturation and acceptance of love's potential. In the end, Paul D finally learns that it's good, you know, when you got a woman who is a friend of your mind, and that Sethe is that woman.


Paul D learns that love is the ultimate freedom; through love, Paul D can finally rest, can finally find the feeling of communion he lost when he lost his brothers and friends to death caused by slavery, can finally find a home. It takes Paul D days of drunken pondering and soul-searching to learn that needing Sethe is no more binding than is forcing himself to be free from her. In fact, it is Paul D's insistence upon maintaining only a little love for anything that causes him heartache and leaves him bound to his need for freedom. When Paul D finally comes to terms with his fears and returns with love to Sethe, it is their mutual need for one another that gives them hope and strength. In allowing himself to love Sethe, Paul D releases himself from his self-repression and becomes free to accept the past and look for a future.


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January 28, 2020

The Evolution of Execution in North Carolina

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The methods of execution in North Carolina have changed significantly since the first recorded execution in 176 (Gallagher 1). Since this time, capital punishment has become more humane. The changes that took place made a vital difference in the way condemned prisoners were put to death.


In colonial times, most offenders were sentenced to death by hanging, a simple procedure that has been used as a means of execution for as long as man can remember. Initially hanging was strangulation accomplished by placing a rope around the neck and hanging the offender from a tree. It was later modified to become more civilized. This resulted in the long drop method (Execution Methods 1). The accused was dropped several feet and stopped by a rope fastened around the neck. The force of the drop and the sudden stop broke bones in the neck and severed the spinal cord causing an almost immediate death. The drop method was considered the only humane means of hanging (Execution Methods 1).


Burning at the stake was a method of discipline that was usually reserved for witches or heretics. In North Carolina it was used as a means of death for slaves who had committed murder. The prisoner was restrained on a wooden stake that was surrounded by green wood and kindling. It was then set ablaze. The result was a slow and agonizing demise (Gallagher 1).


A wave of change encompassed the country from 1880 till 110 (Execution Methods 1). In 110 North Carolina became a part of this transformation. Local government was no longer the authority in death sentences. The state became the administrator of capital punishment (The Death Penalty 1). Hanging was soon replaced with electrocution as a clean, efficient, and humane method of execution (Execution Methods 1).


North Carolina put the electric chair in operation in 110 (Gallagher 14). During execution, the prisoner is strapped into a special chair and his head and body is shaved to provide a better contact for the moistened copper electrodes that are attached to the body. A switch is then thrown that sends 000 volts of electricity into the convicted. After the body has cooled, the prisoner is checked for any life signs. If the first attempt did not induce death, another jolt is used. This procedure is followed until the prisoners expiration. Contrary to the previous conception, electrocution causes significant damage to the body (Electric Chair 1).


The prisoners eyeballs sometimes pop out and rest on [his] cheeks. The prisoner often defecates, urinates, and vomits blood and drool. The body turns bright red as its temperature rises, and the prisoners flesh swells and his skin stretches to the point of breaking. Sometimes the prisoner catches fire . .. Witnesses hear a loud and sustained sound like bacon frying, and the sickly sweet smell of burning flesh permeates the chamber (Electric Chair 1).


Soon after these findings the gas chamber was introduced. Lethal gas was seen as an improvement over hanging . .. and electrocution because it was less violent and did not disfigure or mutilate the body (Execution Methods 1). North Carolina started using the gas chamber in 16. In an execution using lethal gas, the prisoner is hooked up to a heart monitor and restrained to a chair in an airtight chamber. Cyanide and sulfuric acid is electronically mixed resulting in a noxious gas. After death is confirmed, ammonia gas is released into the chamber to neutralize the poisonous fumes, and the decedent is removed (The Death Penalty 1).


In 18 North Carolina started offering prisoners a choice between the gas chamber and lethal injection. This form of execution involves a constant flow of a fatal combination of drugs administered intravenously. The drugs used in this deadly concoction are thiopental sodium and procuronium bromide. The thiopental sodium renders the prisoner unconscious, and the procuronium bromide relaxes the muscles. Quickly after the medications are administered, the prisoner stops breathing, and death soon follows (The Death Penalty 1).


In 18, lethal injection became the sole means of execution in North Carolina (The Death Penalty 1). The 784 people, who were executed before this statute, died not only for their crimes but also through their deaths the state developed more benevolent ways of capital punishment (Gallagher 1-5).


Progress is the injustice each generation commits with regards to its predecessors. EM. Cioran


Works Cited


The Death Penalty. 1 November 00 http//www.doc.state.nc.us/DOP/deathpenalty. Electric Chair. 1 November 00 http//www.ejhs.kl.vt.us/homepages/teched/


wguthrie/electr~l. htrn. Execution Methods Used by States. June 17 1. November 00 http//www.fcc.


state.fl.us/fcc/reports/methods/emushist.html. Gallagher, Rob. Before the Needles. 7 April 00. 1 November 00 http//users.


bestweb.net/~rg/execution.htm.


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January 24, 2020

Romeo and juliet? who or what were to blame for their deaths?

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Topic "A pair of star cross'd lovers take their live." (Prologue) How important is the part fate, plays in Romeo and Juliet? To what extent do you see the two major characters responsible for the tragedy?


We can make our own decisions and lead the life we want, not everything is out of our control. Unfortunately, there are always hard times and challenges that come up unexpectedly. As everyday passes, both good and bad things happen to you, causing great changes. In "Romeo and Juliet", such events like the day when Romeo and Juliet met unexpectedly, or when Romeo was banished, Juliet having to marry Paris, the late arrival of the letter and the death of Paris and the "star cross'd lovers", were all uncontrollable events and fate had a strong influence over Romeo and Juliet's life.


The two families, the Capulets and the Montagues were enemies due to their ancient grudge. Their intense hatred for each other and the problems this caused constantly made their disliking of the opposite family worsen. It was impossible for a family member to socialize with one of the opposite family. Unluckily, Romeo and Juliet were in this difficult and troublesome situation as Juliet was a Capulet and Romeo, a Montague. It was very hard for them to be together and frequent quarrels had affected them both. It was bad luck for Romeo and Juliet to be born in these families as there was a life planned for them.


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Juliet's father, Lord Capulet was a very cruel father and did not respect Juliet like a daughter. He was too self-centred and cared about himself and she had a mother who was distant to her. Juliet's parents did not protect or support her like their own daughter; her father was pushy, organizing Juliet's sudden marriage to Paris and her mother didn't care or even try and aid her. With such parents, she had to make her own choices and decisions which was a negative point because she was still young, had no personal experience and had not support from her closest related people- her parents. Juliet was destined to have a disrespectable father and mother as she had no control, which was her bad luck she kept forever.


Romeo and Juliet did not ever imagine that they would be brought together and did not have the slightest notion that they were to meet. Particularly for Romeo, his main purpose attending the party was to see his beloved Rosaline but he came across Juliet instead when she appeared at the feast. From that moment on, Romeo and Juliet fell in love and it was in the stars that they were to meet on that day. However, the stars may have seemed lucky but they were actually challenging them each time they were trying to be together. Romeo always had the feeling fate would come from the evil stars. In Act 1, Scene 4 (Line 106&107), Romeo states," I fear, too early; for my mind misgives. Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars."


Romeo had attended the feast unwelcome and his appearance, aggravated Tybalt who wanted to fight him. Instantaneously, Capulet dealt with the situation and kicked Tybalt out of the house instead. Obviously, Tybalt was an aggressive fellow who would always fight back. Later, he wanted to revenge Romeo and it came to one day that he was looking for Romeo in the streets of Verona. In the beginning, Mercutio was engaged in a fight with Tybalt and he got killed. Seeing the death of his friend, Romeo was outraged and it was his decision to take action and kill Tybalt. However, it was Romeo's bad luck to have Tybalt to have spotted him out there in the streets. Also, unluckily, Romeo was banished and was forbidden to be in the town of Verona. If it wasn't for Tybalt who murdered Romeo's friend, Romeo wouldn't have lost control of himself and killed Tybalt. Tybalt had started the fighting scheme so he had brought the bad luck over to Romeo, leading him to an unfortunate life from that day on. Romeo, knowing that he was not allowed to be in Verona anymore, had secretly sneaked into the Capulet Mansion to say farewell to Juliet. Juliet, who was devastated with the news of Romeo's banishment hoped and wished upon the stars saying she wants better luck to come from the stars and bring her good fortune. Once again, Romeo's banishment, which had prevented and separated Juliet from him, was pure misfortune and upsetting for the couple.


As Paris had asked Lord Capulet's consent to marry Juliet, Capulet had suggested to him to get to know her better so he organized a family feast. Not long after, Capulet declared that Paris would marry Juliet as soon as possible. Poor Juliet was told by her father that she was to marry a man she had only considered an ordinary friend. Juliet couldn't control what was happening to her life or even make a choice for herself. Her father only cared about himself and he didn't care what Juliet thought so she was made to marry Paris while she was already married to Romeo, which nobody knew about except for the Nurse. Fate was challenging Juliet and wouldn't let her live through a day without grief. After hearing she was to marry Paris, Juliet rejected the marriage and pleaded with her father to delay the wedding a few days more, but he refused. Juliet's parents were cold-blooded and cruel; they did not try and help her in the slightest way. Being rejected, Juliet had to desperately get help from Friar Lawrence, who was her only hope.


Friar Lawrence had written an important letter to Romeo, when he was still in Mantua. The letter fully explained his plans but the letter never arrived on time as bad luck had stepped in, intervening with Friar Lawrence's plan. This created a horrible misunderstanding to Romeo that his wife was dead. The cause of the late arrival was that fate had deliberately caused a plague in the town of Verona so that no one, including messengers was allowed to go out of town.This meant Friar Lawrence's letter could not be sent and when it was sent later on, it was too late.This caused a great dilemma to Friar Lawrence. Romeo took the news of Juliet, from Balthasar very seriously so he dashed to the tomb, where Juliet was laid. Instead of having a peaceful arrival, he bumped into Paris, which made everything complicated once again.Romeo and Paris fought as they both wanted Juliet all along, although she was dead. Sadly, Paris, Romeo and Juliet died because of the many misunderstandings and bad luck stepping in their way, never giving them a chance. In Act 5, Scene , at the tome, Romeo blamed all the bad luck on the stars before he drank the poison and died. "And shake the yoke of in auspicious stars." (Line 111)


Romeo who was a bold young man had risked his life and fought against the stars to reach to his wife Juliet. He did not give up but fought against the challenges that came up against him to prevent him from his accomplishments. In Act 5, Scene 1, while Romeo was still at Mantua, he plans to take fate to his own hands to be with Juliet. "Is it even so? Then I defy you, stars!"(Line 4) However, fate had overpowered Romeo and no matter what Romeo attempted, he was always defeated as the power of fate was hard to overcome.


After exploring the unfortunate events in "Romeo and Juliet", everything that occurred between them, we can see that Romeo and Juliet had very little control over their lives. They were born into feuding families of the Capulets and the Montagues and Juliet's cruel father was forcing her to marry Paris.Romeo's poor fate led him to banishment and the late arrival of the letter further stresses that nasty fate was in their lives.Fate stepped in various ways when Romeo was banished and Romeo and Juliet could no longer be together. Throughout the play, fate plays an important role and totally controls and changes Romeo and Juliet's life. Regardless of their struggle, their efforts had little effect against the power of fate.


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January 23, 2020

Boise Cascade Corporation: An Analysis

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


Boise Cascade Corporation is a company in the paper and paper products industry."With more than two million acres of US timberlands, Boise Cascade distributes office products and produces more paper and building materials than you can shake a stick at" (Hoover's Online).Boise operates about 5 building-products mills, five paper mills, and nearly 0 wholesale building-material distribution centers.Its Boise Office Solutions subsidiary distributes office supplies through about 65 distribution centers and more than 100 retail outlets in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the US.Building and paper products include plywood, particleboard, newsprint, market pulp, containerboard, and uncoated free sheet paper.


The purpose of this strategy report is to summarize, in great detail, the major issues that have plagued the company in recent years, list alternative solutions for each issue (as well as pros and cons), and come up with the best possible alternative that may be used to solve each individual problem, keeping in mind other considerations that may play a role in the implementation of the proposed strategies.


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The appendices that follow the key issues section serve as a supplement to the issues covered, giving a little more detail on the company, its business practices and policies, financial and operating data, industrial and competitive outlook, as well as a SWOT analysis.


KEY ISSUES


Key Issue 1 Declining Financial Performance


Boise's earnings declined quite a bit in the year 00.Boise posted a loss, after preferred dividends, of 10 cents per diluted share for 00 (see appendix 1).By comparison, the company earned 57 cents per diluted share, before non-routine items, in 001.In addition, the firm's return on assets (ROA) was very low at 0.%, and its ROE was negative (see appendix 4 for a list of other important financial ratios).Boise's financial performance weakened in 00 because of lower product prices in its paper manufacturing business and reduced demand for higher-margin office supplies and furniture in the office products distribution business.While this performance was certainly disappointing, it was not unique.For all U.S. businesses, and particularly those in the manufacturing sector, the last five years have represented the most severe profit recession in more than 0 years.While the overall economy grew modestly last year, many sectors and aspects of the economy remained weak.


Alternative 1.1Boise should make an effort to reduce some of its production costs in order to offset some of the financial performance problems in the various divisions.


Pros


If Boise decides to take this route, the firm will possibly be in "good grace" with shareholders come next fiscal period due to an expected increase in dividends.


Factory machines will not get "overworked".


Fewer employees will be needed.


Variable costs will be reduced substantially.


Some fixed costs will be done away with as well.


Cons


Due to continuously deteriorating market conditions daily, Boise still may not turn a sizeable profit in order to get themselves out of the slums, and shareholders may still be angry with them at year-end.


Production processes in each of the various divisions will need to be restructured in order to compensate for the reduction in costs.


As a result of production process restructuring, sharp labor-management conflicts could arise.


Employees who were laid off because of this strategic move will file forunemployment benefits, costing the company more money.


Lowering production costs usually lowers the amount that is produced, leaving a gaping hole in sales.


Demand for office supplies may pick up once the economy starts to get better, and the company may miss out on valuable customers.


Alternative 1.Boise should increase production as well as raise the price of its paper in order to offset some of the differences in the other divisions.Boise obviously has a pretty high demand for its uncoated free sheet, containerboard, and newsprint paper products, yet they do not produce enough in order to make a sizeable profit.


Pros


If Boise were to increase production of paper, as well as slightly raise the price, the company may improve their financial performance in the paper sector for the current year.


Sales per ton for its major paper grades will increase.


Employees on the low end of the payroll structure will get some valuable overtime hours


Cons


The office supplies, furniture, and office products distribution businesses will continue to struggle because of the lack of attention to these areas.


Some employees may be dissatisfied with the overtime hours, as they may have familial obligations.


More employees may need to be hired, as plant capacity may increase to the extent that the current employee level may not be able to sustain it anymore.


Plant managers will be given more responsibility, which means that their pay will increase.


Alternative 1.Boise should adjust its product mix and sourcing in all areas of business.


Pros


If Boise carries out this strategy, the firm will improve the competitive position of all of its businesses.


Boise will also reduce its production costs in the process.


Best of all, the company will ensure consistent product quality across the board.


Boise will enhance service offerings to its customers.


Cons


Boise may not get the financial results that it wants right away, so shareholders will have to be very patient.


The economic environment will dictate just how much profitability will be achieved with this strategy.


Alternative Selection


I feel that Boise Cascade Corporation should select the third alternative as a solution to this issue because it would prove to be the least costly.


Implementation Considerations


If Boise were to implement this alternative, the firm would be able to capture the benefits of possible synergies between its paper manufacturing and office supplies businesses because some of its paper grades may also be sold in the office products sector.


Key Issue Unstable Energy and Fiber Costs


The Boise paper solutions segment is the company's primary energy user.Most of the segment's energy is supplied by the following sources


Natural Gas70%


Electricity8%


Residual fuel oil%


Fiber costs were also a problem.The price of wood fibers used to make paper fluctuated during 00.


Alternative .1Boise can take steps to focus its paper business on fewer facilities and grades.


Pros


In doing so, the company will release a lot of capital to be redeployed to other business sectors in order to balance out its costs evenly across all facets of the business.


Ongoing capital requirements will likely be reduced.


The firm may be able to achieve a stronger market position in its major paper grades.


Boise will be able to leverage the advantages of its competitive cost position.


In addition to potential annual money savings, there will be a lot of potential energy savings.


Cons


Sales of some paper grades may decline a little.


In an effort to still get a sizeable amount from Boise, suppliers may raise the price of its fiber material due to the fact that Boise will need less of it.


Alternative . Boise should consider using alternative energy sources (such as self-generated energy)


Pros


Variable costs will be reduced substantially.


The use of such alternative energy sources will improve the ecological situation in the region.


As the U.S., as well as the rest of the world, is experiencing shortage of oil and other energy resources, cost of energy will dramatically increase in the next future, so the use of a cheap alternative energy will pay off in a long run.


By using alternative energy sources, Boise will benefit in that they will build a strong relationship with the public.


Cons


Alternative energy resources are quite insufficient and to make them sufficient the company must invest significant amount of time and money.


By using alternative energy, Boise will have to dramatically change its strategy.


Alternative energy heavily depends on weather, thus some small changes in climate can severely undermine Boise's bottom line.


Alternative . Boise should concentrate more on developing value-added products and services, reducing its emphasis on commodity products.


Pros


By doing this, Boise can generate higher investment returns over time.


The firm can compete on business parameters other than cost alone.


Cons


Reducing its emphasis on the paper business will stifle its earnings in the paper segment.


The firm may become too one-dimensional.


Alternative Selection


Boise should choose alternative .1 as a solution to this problem


Implementation ConsiderationsDespite a weak paper market in 00, implementing this strategy is the best way to go in the current fiscal year.With the reduction in capital spending, the firm should generate positive cash flow during the period.


Key Issue Rising Pension and Operating Costs


Boise's pension costs are factored into its operating activities (Boise Cascade Annual Report, p.4).Most of Boise's employees are covered by noncontributory defined benefit pension plans, in which the firm uses the assets of to invest primarily in common stocks, fixed-income securities, and cash equivalents.The market performance of these investments affected the firm's recorded pension obligations, expense, and cash contributions for the year.For 00, Boise's total pension expense is expected to increase by $1 million or higher, a figure that could put the company further into debt (Boise Cascade 00 Annual Report, page 4).


Alternative .1Boise should restructure its employee pension plans to defined contribution plans.


Pros


If Boise switches the employee pension plan in this way, it will reduce some of the firm's costs in that the employees would have to "contribute" a specified amount into their own plans.


This plan would make it easier for accountants in that, with this type of plan, it would not be difficult to determine the amount that should be set aside for pensions, relative to the performance of the assets used to support the current pension funding, which are based on "critical accounting estimates" based on varying assumptions (Boise Cascade 00 Annual Report, page ).


Cons


Employees may become dissatisfied with the new plan (especially those on the low end of the salary level).


This plan may not reduce some of the debt that Boise has incurred as a result of operations.


Alternative .Boise should restructure its debt owed on plan assets used for the pension plans, in order to offset some of its operating costs.


Pros


In carrying out this action, Boise would reduce its minimum pension liability amount.


The firm would be able to increase its discount rate on the debt resulting in lower payments.


The adjustments would not really affect net income as much.


Cons


Shareholders' equity would decrease, but not by much.


Investors and creditors may begin to question the firm's operating activities, resulting in a lack of trust, and lack of funding for various future projects.


Alternative Selection


Boise should implement alternative .1 as a solution to this problem.


Implementation Considerations


This would be the best way to go for Boise because the firm would "hedge" out some of the risks involved in addition to reducing operating costs.To keep employees happy, however, the company may have to offer other incentives into the total retirement package.


Key Issue 4Environmental Issues


"Over the past several years, the amount of timber available for commercial harvest from public lands in the United States has declined significantly due to environmental litigation and changes in government policy." (Boise Cascade 00 Annual Report, pg. 1)As a result, Boise has closed a few of its plants due to the significant decline in federal timber offered for sale.In the coming years, further restraints on timber supply, both on public and private lands, could affect Boise's remaining facilities.As a result, Boise cannot accurately forecast its future log supply and costs.Additional market-related curtailments or closures of other product division facilities are possible.Boise is also having a lot of problems with environmentalists concerning harvesting old growth.Just recently, an environmental group started a campaign called "Boycott Boise", a call for all current Boise customers to discontinue their purchases of Boise paper products because of allegations that they are a "global forest destroyer." (Brown Environmental Action Network, Brown University, Spring 00)


Alternative 4.1 Boise should consider discontinuing its harvest of old growth.The company should not make any new commitments to enter into federal timber contracts that require harvests of timber from old growth forests.


Pros


Environmentalists will ease up on them.


Their corporate image may not get tarnished that much.


Due to the fact that only a very small percentage of Boise's wood supply actually comes from old growth forests, this move will not materially affect the company's available timber supply.


Cons


Though their image may not get tarnished a whole lot, Boise may still have to win back the confidence of some of its most important retail and industrial customers, and more importantly, some of its major fiber suppliers, as all of these groups may have some concern for the environment as well.


Boise may have to spend a lot of money in order to restore the image of their company as well as promote the brand name of their products.


Alternative 4.Boise should better promote its Sustainable Forestry Initiative Program.The company was granted this certification from the American Forest and Paper Association.The SFI program, as it is called, is a comprehensive system of principles, objectives, and performance measures that integrates the sustainable growth and harvesting of trees with protection of wildlife, plants, soil, and the quality of water.


Pros


If Boise earnestly promotes this program, they may be able to penetrate other markets, as consumer confidence will grow because people will feel that Boise has a genuine concern for the environment.


It would lead to gradual improvements in the firm's forest management practices.


More of Boise's products would be sold if interested buyers knew of their concern for a healthy environment.


Boise will gain the favor of regulators by showing that they are complying with the various federal, state, and local environmental laws in the areas in which they do business.If this happens, Boise will find it a little easier to open up facilities elsewhere.


Cons


Marketing costs money!!!


Boise will need an outside advising team to oversee the program in order to ensure that everything flows properlythe result, more out-of-pocket fees.


More managers (particularly marketing managers) may need to be hired as a result of this move.


Alternative Selection


Boise Cascade should go with alternative 4.1 because it may prove to be the most costly if ignored.I say this because, right now, the firm is already in deep water with these


environmental problems. Though Boise is not feeling the brunt of these accusations just yet, over time things may intensify. The company could lose out on a lot of potential sales in all of its divisions, more facilities may be closed, and some of the people in the corporation may be persecuted.The environment is a serious issue that cannot be taken lightly. Boise needs to act on this now by discontinuing the harvest of old growth.According to their annual report, it is only less than 1% of their wood supply.Why risk putting the company into trouble over this small amount?By taking this action, Boise saves itself a lot of time and money.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


Brown Environmental Action Network, Brown University, Spring 00.


http//www.brown.edu/Students/BEC/boise_issues.html


Harad, G. J."00 Annual Report", Boise Cascade Corporation,


Boise Idaho. 00.


Hoover's Online. www.hoovers.com


Market Guide Online. www.marketguide.com


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January 21, 2020

Control Function of Management

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The word controlling when applied to management principles has been unfairly demonized. Good controls allow organizations to be more responsive and adaptable in todays rapidly changing world. In addition good controls properly utilized can help to build morale among employees, much more than the rigidly structured organizations of the past. Simply put, controlling is monitoring and adjusting resources and processes to achieve its objectives in an effective way.


Some people go so far as to claim that management shouldnt exercise any form of control whatsoever. They claim that management should exist to support employees efforts to be fully productive members of organizations and communities -- therefore; any form of control is completely counterproductive to management and employees. (Fisher, 1) Some people even react strongly against the phrase management control. The word itself can have a negative connotation, e.g., it can sound and heavy-handed.


Regardless of the negative connotation of the word control, it must exist or there is no organization at all. In its most basic form, an organization is two or more people working together to reach a goal. Whether an organization is highly bureaucratic or changing and self-organizing, the organization must exist for some reason, some purpose, some mission (implicit or explicit) -- or it isnt an organization at all. The organization must have some goal. Identifying this goal requires some form of planning,


informal or formal. Reaching the goal means identifying some strategies. These strategies are agreed upon by members of the organization through some form of communication, formal or informal. Then members set about to act in accordance with what they agreed to do. They may change their minds, fine. But they need to recognize and acknowledge that theyre changing their minds. (Baker, 188) This form of ongoing communication to reach a goal, tracking activities toward the goal and then subsequent decisions about what to do is the essence of management coordination. It needs to exist in some manner -- formal or informal.


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At my company we employ five main techniques in management control Administrative, delegation, personnel evaluations, budget management, and managerial feedback.


Guerrilla Capitalist starts the control process before we begin work. We use standardized software and reporting tools to insure that everyone in the organization is able to utilize the resources available to them. Perhaps more importantly standardization of administrative tools allows us to provide reliable and accurate reporting to the clients.


The second phase of our control process is delegation. Delegation allows management to balance workloads. At the same time it gives the employee a sense of ownership in the company and the process.


Evaluation allows management to better interact with employees and customers. In addition evaluation of everything from the performance of individual employees to


processes and methodology provide the company a more fluid bureaucracy that is more able to adapt to change.


Our budget is a very important method for exercising managerial control. The bottom line can be the best barometer of the success of a program, idea, or employee.


Moreover, the budget is a vital tool when determining the future plans of the company and prioritizing those plans.


Feedback is also an important control mechanism. Feedback gives management the opportunity to understand the effects of their decisions on the employees. Equally important, feedback provides access to management for employees to voice concerns or proffer new ideas that management might not have considered.


Guerrilla Capitalist can improve its controls in several ways. First, by adding a comprehensive polices and procedures manual. The goal of which would be to clearly define expectations, roles and responsibilities, as well as provide a standard method for redress of concerns. In addition, the company should have a more regimented peer review process through which managers could coach others constructively.


Like many small companies, it is difficult to conceal poor performance, and as such, employees are aware of the expectations of the C.E.O. However, as the company grows accountability issues become clouded. It will be incumbent upon the owner to define and enforce expectations. Management will have to be willing to deal with the good and bad, publicly rewarding the good work of an employee, and when the situation calls for it, delivering the public retribution required by subordinates when managers or the chain of command has failed to deal effectively with issues of accountability.


Works Cited


Fisher, Joseph.Use of Non-financial Performance Measures. Cost Management, Spring, 1.


Baker, Sunny and Baker, Kim The Complete Idiots Guide to Project Management Alpha Books, 18.


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Oscar Wilde Short Stories

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There are three short stories of Oscar Wildes that clearly have a common theme. In The Nightingale and the Rose, a student has a crush on a girl. The girl refuses to dance with him unless he gives her a rose, and there are simply no roses anywhere nearby. There is a nightingale who lives outside the window of the boy, and she believes in love above all things. She makes a deal with the rose-tree, and she must press her breast into a thorn, and sing a song. The nightingale will then create a rose, but she will die. The student finds the rose, and the girl doesnt even want it because someone else gave her jewels. The student then throws the rose onto the street exclaiming What a silly thing Love is! It is not half as useful as logic. In The Devoted Friend, the character Hans is being manipulated by the Miller. The Miller gets flowers, favors, and labor from Hans, all while telling Hans how lucky he is to have such a friend as the Miller. Ultimately, Hans dies of doing the Miller a favor, and even at Hans funeral, the Miller doesnt even care that Hans is gone. The only thing he cares about now is that he has no one to give away his broken wheelbarrow to. The Happy Prince is a story about a swallor and a statue made of jewels. The statue used to be the prince of the city, but when he passed away, they made him a statue to loom over the city. Now the statue can see the misery and sadness that passes throughout the city everyday. He tries to help everyone, by sending the swallow to give poor people the statues jewels, gold and gems. Once he has lost all of his precious stones, the mayor decides he is too ugly too keep up, and takes him down.


Materialism often plays a large role in reality and in literature. Characters can be molded and brought to life by the way they treat each other and the way they treat themselves. In many of Oscar Wildes short stories, materialism oftentimes destroys characters and relationships.


In the short story The Nightingale and the Rose, materialism is used in two different ways. The nightingale does the selfless act of killing herself in order to help the student out, but the student never knows that the nightingale did this. When he is rejected by the girl, he rejects the idea of love, and that idea is everything the nightingale lived and died for. The nightingale didnt even experience love, she only believed in it so much that she helped the student. The girl shows materialism in its most blatant form when she says ...and everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers. She denies the boy and his rose because something better, another boy with jewels, came along. The students materialism comes more in the fact that he doesnt realize what the rose represents. The rose is literally and figuratively the nightingales heart, but he looks at it as a way to get to the girl. The rose should not be the way to get to her, but he himself should be what makes her like him. This materialism hurt the student as he decides love is no longer useful, and it kills the nightingale who gave up everything for love the student doesnt want.


The Devoted Friend is a short story where materialism takes on a form of manipulation. Hans is a sweet man, who is taken advantage of by the Miller. The Miller takes flowers from Hans garden, asks him to do favors, and tries to make up for it by telling Hans how lucky he is to have a friend such as him. When Hans dies trying to get a doctor in the bitter cold for the Millers son, the Miller doesnt even show sadness at the funeral. 'A great loss to me at any rate, answered the Miller, 'why, I had as good as given him my wheelbarrow, and now I really dont know what to do with it. It is very much in my way at home, and it is in such bad repair that I could not get anything for it if I sold it. I will certainly take care not to give away anything again. One certainly suffers for being generous. This statement shows how the Miller never really considered Hans his true friend, and was certainly not being a true friend to Hans. The Miller only needed Hans for favors, and Hans ultimately dies because of his own generosity.


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The cold Mayor represents the materialism in The Happy Prince. The Happy Prince is a statue made of gold and gems, and he gives away his precious jewels to save the poor people of his town. As he strips himself of these jewels, he becomes more bare and less attractive to the village people. Finally, the Mayor decides as he is no longer beautiful, he is no longer useful, and takes the statue down. The statue had represented goodness, humanitarianism, and charity, but the Mayor saw a shabby monument and took it down.


Materialism is an ongoing theme throughout these three stories, and it takes on a different form each time. In the three Wilde stories, the figures of the nightingale, the prince, and Hans, who all denote selfless and compassionate characteristics, are ironically the ones who are taken for granted and ultimately destroyed in the end.


Please note that this sample paper on Oscar Wilde Short Stories is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Oscar Wilde Short Stories, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Oscar Wilde Short Stories will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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January 17, 2020

Democracy

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Freedom in the Classroom


Teachers usually teach a typical classroom, but just how much does the teacher teach?Most high school classroomstoday have preset lesson plans, fixed agendas, and assigned texts that the teacher decides to use; but instead assigned to the teacher by the board of education of what the students need to know.This necessary material that teachers teach gives the students knowledge.Most high schools have this system of teaching, regardless of how well it worked in the past, it does not work well know.Democracy in the classroom presents itself like thisteachers would vote for representatives who hold similar ideas to them, for example, ideas of how to teach and what to teach; these representatives would then get together, and vote on the ideas they have conflicts with.In the end, the teachers need to teach whatever they consider as the appropriate content and approach.Democracy in the classroom may work well for the majority, but what about the minority?Democracy in high schoolclassrooms does not work because of the overgeneralization it places on the classrooms, restrictions onthe teachers' abilities, and incorporations of outdated techniques of teaching.I would rather have the teacher teach the way she feels would be the most effective for the student in his/her classroom.


First off, what defines democracy in the classroom?The dictionary best defines democracy as majority rule.Democracy forms a control that incorporates learned-lessons and proven facts of the past.It takes away the idea that most people get a say in what goes on.They have representatives, elected by the board of education, that collectively get together to decideissues on, what they should teach in the classroom, and how well they would teach it..When ideas conflictin democracy, the majority wins and the minority has to succumb to the democratic decision.


With democracy in the classroom comes an extreme overgeneralization of how children learn and what they need to learn.Every class has a different dynamic, making the best possible approach different for each class.Some classes would do best with group work, while other classes produce the best results through note-taking, and lectures.Throughout most of my high school career I did not learn anything.I would just pay enough attention in class to pass my tests.But there was one class where I did learn because of the way the teacher taught.It was my 10th grade history class it was a lot of group work, and a lot of projects.Those were thing that I like so I payed attention and got an A, but more important I still remember everything that I learned.I feel that teachers should have control of how they teach their class because they could adjust to the ways of the student so more students will learn.Just because the majority of teachers think one way of teaching works welldoes not mean that it will be successful in all cases.Some students learn better by doing group work because they like to interact with other students, but other studentsdo not like to interact with other students.This affects the students because theywill not always get in the class that provides the best learning technique for them.In that case the student might struggle, and not obtain as good a grade.


These ideas could compare with that of apple tree farmers; say that the majority of apple trees need watering times a day, but if the minority apple trees get wateredtimes a day, would it be right to water those trees twice a day because that it works best with the majority?No.Everything, especially in the classroom, needs to have time toadapt to a specific environment.Most students needan environment that they could learn in, and would want to learn in. Ifstudents do not like the way a teacher teaches then they will not pay attention, and then they will not learn anything.But if the students do like it then they will pay attention, and they will learn. I do not feel that the burden should be placed on the teachers, but I do feel that they should make it more interesting, because they know that more students would listen ifthe class interested them..This idea does not work in all cases because certain subjects can only be taught one way, but it will work in most cases.


With democracy in the classroom, the teachers' abilities have great constraints.People have a reasonable assumption about teachers, and the idea that they know what they teach.If they do not understand what they teach,then how should we expect student to learn?Teachers themselves, properly taught, have the ability to run a classroom for the following reasonsFirst, if the teacher knows all the fundamentals of the subject that he/she teaches, it's a reasonable conjecture that the teacher has the ability to teach on that subject.Second, classroom dynamics change all the time, requiring the teacher to change approaches all the time; which would give the teacher a supreme advantage of deciding which style of teaching is most productive.I remember my eighth grade teacher, one of my best teachers and how he did not do anythingordinary.The class would walk in to Bob Marley playing, we would write about it later or we would write about another topic.Computers had not really begun getting incorporated into classrooms, but we used them, and he gave us our grades after a 5 minute conference with him, so he could better understand his students' individual perspectives.This example of teaching would definitely fall in the minority class, but I could certainly saythat it was some of the best education I have received.I feel that if more teachers taught like this, more students will receive a better education.


The outdated techniques, and content that democracy would incorporate into the classroom would negatively affect the outcome in the classroom of today.Teachers, depending on what subject they teach, have certain ideas and concepts that need to be taught.For example, English teachers start off the year withcertain goals of what they want their students to learn; sometimes on how to write an essay, certain punctuation, or certain literature.All of these goals need to have the students input.If the teachers want to teach Shakespeare, the class has to show some sort of interest or intrigue towards it, otherwise students will only obtain brief memorizationsjust long enough to pass the test.I do not feel that teachers should not teach certain things, I just feel that they should just make it more interesting.Beth Kneller states that "Most of the criteria on teachers base students grades on needs to deal with more of what theteaching practices the teacher incorporates or does not incorporaterather than with the mastery of particular skills" (C5).Most students learn better when they learn about stuff that interest them.Even though certainpieces of historic literature that must be taught.Does that mean that only those pieces of literature that they should teach, or can they replace it with a more up-to-date piece of literature that the class can relate to better?Not only can they replace it, but they can be replace it, and have more success at the same time.


I believe that we need to change the way that schools teach children today.If we put the power of teaching back into the teachers hands, then children will get a better education. From the examples above I have shown that democracy in the classroom does not work for all students.In helping the youth of today's society, we must focus on helping each and every individual student.Democracy has the capability of running the government, but not the schools. The consequences that we will face in the long run would be more serious because students will not get a proper education, andthey will not retain the information that the teachers taught them.As a whole we need to better fund our educational systems so the youth of today can get education that would help them later on in life.I feel that if we could put so much moneyinto our jails, how come we cant put it into our schools?The children of today will run this country in the future , and if they do not have a good education where will our country stand in the future?Democracy over generalizes the classrooms, restricts the teachers abilities, and incorporates outdated techniques of teaching. I feel that we need to change in now, and not wait till it becomes to late.


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January 16, 2020

The FCC lets the dogs loose

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Monday, June nd, 00 will be potentially the day we look back and say that was the day that we changed the way we watched television, listened to the radio, and read the newspaper.Why June nd?Well, simply because this was the day that The Federal Communications Commission ruled in favor - that there be a "relaxation of media ownership rules".Basically, the FCC had changed is allowing the major media market owners to become even bigger and control more of the nations viewing and information by one company.As expected, everyone is not happy with the ruling of the FCC.


The ruling allows television networks the freedom to control more of their local affiliates and lets a company own both a newspaper and television station in all markets except in small towns.As we look at the internet and cable television, media companies struggle to keep up with the internet and the quickness of reporting news to the world, as networks are always competing to provide the entertainment valued shows that cable generally tend to offer as a quality alternative.Consider that one company did ownor maybetelevision stations, that company now can provide better programming since that company is able to control multiple networks at once.With that in mind, more selection will be offered to the viewers, rather than watching similar programs on different channels because the different networks are trying to fight for a particular timeslot.When then happens is that television becomes unentertaining with superficial, desperate people that will do anything to be on TV.


As previously stated, not everyone was as happy with the FCC ruling as the major television executives.


Ownership of a single company of the top TV stations and dominant newspaper in a city would let it virtually control local news coverage, said Gene Kimmelman of Consumers Union."That means less competition for stories, lazier journalism and fewer independent voices essential to democracy," he said. (1)


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Even though it is sought to believe that the ownership by a single company of the top TV stations can and will most likely control local news coverage, in turn, there will be less competition for stories, lazier journalism, and eventually lead to predictable journalistic coverage.But the fact of the matter is that in passing the relaxation of media ownership, I predict that the competition for stories amongst reports will maintain the aggressive journalism attitude and the competition will still be there.Possibly lead to more detailed, informative coverage with a company having more control over the media and what to report only what is worth reporting.If you think about it, regardless if a company owned 1 station or 10 stations, you can only report on what people are willing to tell you, how much they want to tell you, or how much they are allowed to tell you.All the ruling did was make it more flexible for the media to express their speech, rather than putting more limitation on our constitutional right, freedom of speech.What people do not understand is that there are other ways of receiving your information than watching the news on TV.The TV should be for entertainment purposes only, that's the problem with people nowadays is that no one is media literate.Regardless of what you see on television, people still have to make decisions whether or not to trust what they see on television.


The FCC ruling gives companies more freedom to provide an "ideal" journalistic coverage for particular markets.But this does not apply to all markets.As we look closer of the limitations the ruling has expressed, the ruling tends beneficial to companies in market areas that have nine or more television stations.The reason being is that the market areas with four to eight television stations, those companies within that market area are not allowed to own both a TV station and a newspaper.While in the areas with nine or more television stations, a company is allowed to own a newspaper, a television station, and several radio stations.This ruling will affect the mostly newspaper publishing companies because they will then be allowed to buy a television station and basically promote one business by using the other.


I support the ruling of the relaxation of media ownership because this will allow the media to be a competitor with Internet and cable with regards to news coverage and entertainment valued programs without having to pay the Internet and cable bills.Also, I predict that since the journalist coverage will stay aggressive and journalists will continue to compel themselves to report the news as before.I believe that this will not have much change, if any at all, on how we receive the news.The only difference will be a change in ownership and possibly a change in name or logo of a particular station.From what I have researched, I believe that the changes the FCC had ruled in favor for will help improve television and news broadcasting move forward in a positive direction.


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January 14, 2020

Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice

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The central action of the novel revolves around the increasing perception and self-realisation of Darcy and Elizabeth. Both characters are guilty of harbouring illusions about the other, and it is when these misguided notions are replaced, that they gain a clear understanding of each other.


In the cottage at Hunsford both characters perceptions of each other, and indeed themselves, change. Elizabeth after having attacked Darcy for his faults becomes ?absolutely ashamed of herself? and admits to being ?blind, partial, prejudiced, absurd? (Chapter 6) as a result of her attraction to George Wickham. She realises that preconceptions and ?ignorance? have ?driven reason away?(Chapter 6). Elizabeth acknowledges that ?Till this moment, I never knew myself?(Chapter 6).


Darcy too is awoken to his prejudice and conceit when his confidence in gaining a positive reply to his proposal to Elizabeth is shattered. Her accusations shock him greatly and he appreciates that he must shed all his former prejudice against Elizabeth?s family, and their lowly connections, if he is to win her respect. In his desperation to win her hand, Darcy is prepared to accept the justice of Elizabeth?s accusations and admit his faults ?I have been a selfish being all my life?(Chapter 58). He is genuinely grateful to Elizabeth by whom he was ?properly humbled?(Chapter 58).


A genteel social setting


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At the beginning of Pride and Prejudice we are introduced to the Bennet family and Meryton society. Life revolves around balls and the local gossip. With the news of Bingley?s arrival at Netherfield comes the necessary round of polite introductions and calls which forms part of the etiquette required when a new family of good connections enters the area. A pleasant impression of genteel English country life is created which has little to disrupt it apart from a bit of gossip or romance.



Romance



The romantic interest in stimulated by the fact an eligible, wealthy, young bachelor has moved into the neighbourhood and that Mrs Bennet has five unmarried daughters. The eldest Jane immediately feels attracted to Bingley and the feeling is reciprocated. There is tension between Darcy and Elizabeth, both proud figures who have wit, intelligence and aesthetic appreciation in common. Despite their initial unfavourable impressions of one another, their paths are destined to cross. Jane Austen, through the use of secondary characters such as Charlotte Lucas and the Gardiners contrives to bring Darcy and Elizabeth together.



Humour



Humour is provided throughout the novel by several larger than life and absurd characters. First of all we witness the neurotic and ridiculous Mrs Bennet with her obsessions with marriage and her daughters. Furthermore, Mr Bennet?s teasing of his wife provides many amusing interludes. Next we meet the totally ludicrous and pompous Mr Collins who is ridiculed from the moment he is introduced. The social satire is continued with Lady Catherine de Bourgh who is a caricature of an upper-class snob who fills her time by meddling in the affairs of others.


The loss of illusions and self-realisation


Both Darcy and Elizabeth have been guilty of basing their opinions of one another on prejudice and misconceptions. In Elizabeth?s case, she has accepted false accusations without question, mainly as a result of her enjoyment of Wickham?s flattery and pride in her own judgement. Darcy must overcome his own feelings of pride and prejudices against Elizabeth?s family and lowly social status if he is to win her love. His self-confidence and arrogance is dealt a blow when Elizabeth rejects him and he realises that he has been guilty of conceit and complacency and must change. It is suggested that love, which is gained through adversity and self-sacrifice, is worth having. Both characters have to learn a hard lesson of humility and self-realisation .


The resolution of the plot


Jane Austen does not rush the joyful resolution of the plot deliberately. This builds up feelings of tension and expectation. When the romance of Darcy and Elizabeth is concluded she describes in detail the events immediately after their marriage so as to satisfy the reader. The news of Darcy and Elizabeth?s continued intimacy with the Gardiners is not vital, but adds to the enjoyment at the end of the main plot. There is always a strong sense of justice at the happy conclusion of a Jane Austen novel, which lays her open to the criticism that she paints a rose tinted view of the world and portrays the human condition without toil, adversity and suffering.


The style of a Jane Austen novel


Like the world of her novels, the structure and style of Jane Austen?s writing is neat and ordered with an inherent feel for decorum and balance. Although there is an ease and surety of touch there is room for sharp and witty satire. Her vivid characters and locations are always portrayed with meticulous precision, which reflects the painstaking attentiveness of her own observations. Jane Austen is recognised for her ability to create subtle mood changes through nuances of behaviour and speech. She handles her material with such deft touches that the unobservant reader could conclude that her writing lacks vigour and intensity.


The dialogue of her characters, although controlled and governed by the strict conventions of its day, generally appears natural and allows for witty repartee. She has been acclaimed for her mastery of dialogue and has an excellent ear particularly for the speech of women. There is an intensity and sincerity in the dialogue of Jane and Elizabeth Bennet which reflects their genuine affection for one another. Jane Austen?s use of direct and indirect speech varies according to how much the reader needs to be involved in a particular episode. Occasionally the action need to be moved on quickly, or an impartial perspective is needed, and therefore indirect speech is used. In Austen?s more satirical scenes indirect reportage allows for more acute observations.


Observations and point of view


The style of Pride and Prejudice is generally subtle, simple and direct with its meticulous observations and attention to detail, although she does allow the obtrusive and vulgar Mrs Bennet to disrupt the controlled tone of the novel from time to time. Characters and situations are carefully constructed. Most of the action is seen from the author?s point of view, particularly when we are to see characters in terms of ironic satire. Occasionally we see a glimpse of a character?s own observations, particularly from the female perspective. In Pride and Prejudice, however, we do obtain a detailed understanding of both Darcy and Elizabeth after he hands her the letter at Hunsford.


Generalisations


Generalisations and grand, sweeping statements were a key feature of the eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century novel and were used to express irony or a moral maxim. Jane Austen uses generalisations which are light hearted and humorous. The famous opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice which begins, ?It is a truth universally acknowledged? (Chapter 1) is playful and ironic. Mary Bennet?s serious observations on pride, while lacking subtlety or real wit, are nevertheless ironic and portentous ?Pride ? is a very common failing I believe?(Chapter 5). Generalisations serve to establish a moral code or set of principles which set the boundaries for characters. Very often comments such as ?Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance? (Chapter 6), uttered by Charlotte Lucas, can explain, justify or excuse behaviour later on in the novel.


Abstract ideas


Jane Austen?s tendency for describing characters and explaining actions through abstract ideas was common in the eighteenth century. When Elizabeth considers Darcy?s letter as all ?pride and insolence? (Chapter 6) she is making a moral judgement. When she admits to being ?partial, prejudiced, absurd? (Chapter 6) she is echoing the author?s strong condemnation of her own folly and vanity. Such strong abstract statements add weight and authority to Austen?s style, and again uphold the moral framework of the novel.



Balance



Austen?s work is noted for its symmetry of style. Austen often repeats phrases which is a rhetorical device. Along with adding a sense of balance and logic to an argument it is a powerful dramatic device. To emphasis the conflicting views and wishes between Mr and Mrs Bennet regarding Mr Collins? proposal to Elizabeth, Jane Austen uses almost identical parallel clauses which add humour to the situation


?Your mother will never see you again if you do not marry Mr Collins, and I will never see you again if you do? (Chapter 0).



Imagery



There is very little in the way of imagery in Pride and Prejudice, and when it does appear is rarely original or striking. She avoids ingenious similes and metaphors characteristic of an author such as Charles Dickens. Her images are conventional and fit into the language of the text going almost unobserved ?I have courted prepossession and ignorance, and driven reason away? (Chapter 6).



Language



The language of Jane Austen?s novels is precise, subtle and considered. Her meanings are portrayed with meticulous accuracy and detail. Her ideas are often reiterated and qualified in complex sentences with a number of secondary clauses


?Wilfully and wantonly to have thrown off the companion of my youth, the acknowledged favourite of my father, a young man who had scarcely any other dependence than on our patronage, and who had brought up to expect its exertion, would be a depravity, to which the separation of two young persons, whose affection could be the growth of only a few weeks, could bear no comparison? (Chapter 5).


In reality, Austen?s style was simpler and more than direct than that of the majority of her contemporaries. Other key features of her style include the softening of action and dialogue by use of the passive voice


?Pleased with the preference of one, and offended by the neglect of the other, ? I have courted prepossession? (Chapter 6).


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In the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, she displays a stark contrast between two characters in the story. Austen does so by discussing the theme of pride throughout the novel. The concept of pride can be defined in two ways positive and negative. Possessing positive or right pride is to have self-respect, honor, and integrity. On the other hand, wrong or negative pride is defined as showing arrogant or disdainful conduct and haughtiness. Mr. Fitzwilliam Darcy displays the positive side of pride while Mr. Bennet possesses wrong or negative pride, and a lack of pride itself in some cases. Darcy is responsible for his sister, himself, his estate, and his family name. He takes pride in these things and does anything he can in order to protect them. But Mr. Bennet who is responsible as a father of five daughters, a husband, and the holder of reputable conduct in the family, does not take pride in his family or his responsibility; Mr. Bennet instead ridicules the members of his family and in turn does not control their unruly actions.


Mr. Darcy, the leading male character in the novel, possesses an ancient family name, magnificent estate, and a sizable fortune which may seem to contribute to his pride. But later on in the book, we learn that he is a generous master to his servants and tenants and a loving brother to his young sister Georgiana. He is responsible for so much his sister, his family name, and his estate, Pemberley. Although seen as excessively proud in a negative way, Charlotte Lucas defends Darcy by saying that a man of his wealth and family background has a right to be proud.


Darcy cares dearly for his younger sister, Georgiana. As the estate holder of the family, it is his responsibility to watch over and guide her. In an experience with George Wickham, Georgiana is deceived and almost taken in by Wickham. But Darcy finds out and stops it immediately. This shows that Darcy is concerned with his sisters well-being; this incident further intensifies his hatred for Wickham, but Darcy protects his sister from him. By protecting his sister, Darcy also wants to make her happy; in turn, he purchases a piano for Georgiana so that she can play well. He takes his responsibilities seriously and fulfills them. For example, as explained briefly in the previous paragraph, he takes pride in his honor and displays generous treatment of his servants and tenants. Mrs. Reynolds, the housekeeper, says that ì[Darcy] is the best landlord, and the best master,î and that she never had ì a cross word from himî in her life. He cares even for his servants generously and is not haughty about his higher class status. This further shows Darcys attention to responsibility, self-respect, and honor.


Mr. Darcy is also in charge of the protecting his family name and estate. He holds his family name and estate of Pemberley with high esteem and value, but not in a conceited manner like Lady Catherine de Bourghs. Darcys pride here is not of a negative nature, but is one of positive nature. His pride in his name is typical of any person; and in some instances when it is jeopardized, he takes care of the situation and returns everything back to normal. For example, Darcy does not want the Pemberley estate to be ìtaintedî with Wickhams foul and unconscionable behavior. He takes pride in the Darcy name and wants to protect it from the likes of Wickham who has tried to blemish the family name. Along with Darcys pride and reputable fulfillment of his responsibilities comes the honor that he shows. For example, Darcy undertakes the rescue of Lydia from Wickham; he does so by agreeing to pay Wickham a certain amount in turn for his marriages with Lydia. Darcy also does this to save his family name because in the future, he is going the marry her sister, Elizabeth Bennet.


Mr. Bennet is a witty father of five daughters and a husband of a foolish wife. He is a disappointed man, who long ago gave up all hope of finding happiness in his marriageóand who often treats his foolish wife and younger daughters as objects of amusement. He calls his daughters ìsillyî and verbally plays with his wife in the presence of their daughters. He fails his duty as a husband by not controlling his rowdy wife and as a father for not keeping his young flirtatious daughter, Lydia, out of trouble. He suffers from a lack of pride by not being responsible as the leader of the household and not protecting his daughters from harm.


Mrs. Bennets behavior inside and outside of the Longbourn estate is utterly annoying and rude. Her behavior and reactions to trivial occurrences is excessive and again vexing. For example, at the balls that the Bennets had attended, Mrs. Bennet talked loudly without watching over her own behavior. Mr. Bennet does not control his wife or even tell her to quiet down. In order to protect the reputation and integrity of the family, he must maintain the good manners in the family. This also applies with Lydias behavior. She flirts with most of the soldiers in the regiment, and Mr. Bennet does not even criticize her wanton behavior. He does not take pride in his daughters and thus does not put much care into their behavior; through this he cannot protect the reputation of the Bennet family name.


Another of his disappointments is that his estate, Longbourn, can only be handed down to a male heir. Because he has tried to get a son and gets five daughters instead. There is no one to hand it down to; thus the estate goes to Mr. Collins, his cousin. Expecting a son, he never saw a need to save any of his income in order to provide for his daughters future. Mr. Bennet fails his responsibility to provide for his family and daughters. His lack of pride leads to his own lack of responsibility for the things that should be most important to him, his family and its reputation.


Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bennet differ obviously concerning the subject of pride. Darcy possesses a positive form of pride while Bennet almost has none at all. But within the pride, there exists a difference in priority. Mr. Darcy is careful about the Darcy family name and protects it with a hawk-like manner. He takes his responsibility as the landowner, brother, and master very seriously. On the other hand, Mr. Bennet lets his family do as it pleases and almost does not care. The reputation of the Bennet family is blemished by the behavior of its members because the head of the household, Mr. Bennet, lacks the pride to protect it.



Essays



Please note that this sample paper on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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