Lord of the Flies: The Meaning of the Beast

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The book Coral Island was written about a group of boys who get stranded on an island and are forced to work together in order to survive.The boys have to face an evil that is externalized in cannibals that live on the island hunting them.When William Golding read this he criticized the book for its unrealistic view of how humans act and react in a situation like Coral Island, in response he wrote Lord of the Flies.Golding peered deep into the human mind and discovered that humans do not always work together for the good of society and saw the chaos and lawlessness humans are born with but overcome with rationality.In Lord of the Flies Golding's characters first show signs of being civilized humans but as their instinct to survive takes over and a group of hunters, lead by Jack, breaks off from the original established center of ideas, lead by Ralph.Stories begin to surface of a beast in the forest and the hunters use violence and hard attitudes to guard against their fear of the legend of the beast.The meaning and origin of the Beast is disputed by many authors and my research has lead me to two ideas.Most authors (1) said that the Beast was created by the inner inherent evil in human nature.Three authors had other opinions that were similar but each placed blame away from the boys claiming them as innocent.

The majority of authors said that the Beast was created by the inner evil that the boys did not know they had until it is too late.When Golding read Coral Island he realized human nature does not always work together for the good of others.He realized that human nature has a good side and a bad side.You could see Coral Island as the good side and Lord of the Flies as the evil counterpart.The Beast symbolizes evil in Lord of the Flies.It is created by the evils in the boys whose inner vices are shown though their experience on the island.The nature of the Beast is not a physical being but rather an expression of the inner malevolence of the boys.There are many symbols of the Beast.The main symbol was the actual Lord of the Flies, the pig's head; because the hunters in an act of evil and rage impaled it.Soon after that in a hallucination the Lord of the Flies reveals to Simon the true nature of the Beast.Golding adds irony to the book when Simon, with the knowledge that could save them all, unfortunately is killed but the evil he was aware of.

Three authors () included in the argument above went on to say how Golding was trying to make public criticism of society; showing that we need to be more like Ralph and overcome the evil in us.Always fighting evil down till the bitter end.Philip Drew, in particular, says that Lord of the Flies criticizes how little man has advanced from their ancestors.When one thinks of the time Lord of the Flies was written, soon after the Second World War, it reveals a good argument.Arnold Johnston also shows that the Beast is a message on moral behavior; that we should watch out for and attempt to overcome our vices in our lives.

There were three authors who had ideas different than inner evil; which at first foretaste they follow the ideas of the other authors; but when read though reveal different opinions.The first was Friedman who thought that the creation of the Beast stemmed from the lack of reason.Simon could have stopped the Beast if he rationalized the vision he had to the other boys.The second attributes the Beast to evil not inherent in the boys human nature but inherent in existence.He questions some kind of demonic intervention.The last essay was by Reilly who takes the blame off the boys.Human nature is not controlled by the boys but shaped by society.Golding made the boys do what they did; the evil that made the beast came from him.Reilly says that the evil is as innate in human nature as good; making both Coral Island and Lord of the Flies possible scenarios.

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In search of the meaning of the Beast it is apparent that it is a symbol of the evil in the boys.Human nature has leaded them to become self-centered as a means of survival on the island.The Beast is created out of their fears, their lusts, and their constant focus on survival.There is good in all of the boys because they are innocent at heart. The hunters simply do not know how to control their evils and overcome it with reason, they allow the evil to take hold.Simon is the one person who can rectify and renounce the evil in them but is killed before by the people he could save.

Is our society the society the boys from Coral Island or are we more like Lord of the Flies?What one will find when they peer deep into their own human nature is their goals, aspirations, and dreams and what drives them to achieve.These will be different from person to person.The fact that this book was written shows many people that we need to become dutiful and work together.Lord of the Flies was a story with a moral learn to overcome your vices so that your rational mind can keep a steady course toward your positive goals.

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Roles and responsibilities of human resources

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The human resources role has changed tremendously from being a mostly personnel function, consisting primarily of a lot of paper pushing, hiring and firing, to being totally responsible for the maximization of work efficiency. This primarily creates a better-trained, more flexible workforce that will add more to the bottom line. Believing that employees are key to the success of the business means human resource practices such as job design, job classification, using an intensive employee selection process, investing in employment development, rewarding employee performance, measuring employee satisfaction, and promotion from within.

Job design is the process of defining the way work will be performed and the tasks that will be required in a given job. To effectively design jobs, one must thoroughly understand the job as it exists, and its place in the larger work unit's workflow process. There are three different approaches to job design 1.) The motivational approach, .) The mechanistic approach and .) The biological approach.The motivational approach to job design focuses on the job characteristics that influence the psychological meaning and motivational potential. The mechanistic approach identifies the simplest way to structure work that maximizes efficiency. The biological approach minimizes the physical strain on the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the body works, where as the perceptual motor approach emphasizes on the human mental capabilities and limitations.

To determine relative worth of a job, the ranking and classification methods are used. The job ranking system arranges jobs in numerical order on the basis of the importance of the jobs duties and responsibilities to the organization. Job classification slots jobs into pre-established grades with higher rated grades requiring more responsibilities, working conditions, and job duties. Job classification also entails determining a pay scale. This can be determined by a wage survey. Data obtained from the surveys will help establish the organizations wage policy while ensuring that the employer does not pay more, or less, than needed for jobs in the relevant labor market.

In order to compete, an organization has to be able to do a good job of managing

their human capital the knowledge, skills, and capabilities that add value to the organizations. Human resources must develop strategies for identifying, recruiting, and hiring the best talent available. They must develop these individuals in ways that are

specific to the needs of their individual firms, encourage them to generate new ideas while familiarizing them with the company strategies, invite information sharing, and rewarding collaboration and team work.This can be done internally or externally. Internal recruitment sources has several advantages. It generates a sample of applicants

who are well known to the company. These applicants are relatively knowledgeable about the company's vacancies, which can minimize the possibility of inflated expectations about the job. It is also generally cheaper and faster. However, there may not be enough internal sources for entry-level positions or even higher level specialized positions. Bringing on outside people may lead to new ideas and ways of doing business. Using only internal recruitment can result in a workforce whose members all think alike and who therefore may be poorly suited to innovation.

The selection process should provide as much reliable and valid information as possible about applicants so that their qualifications can be clearly matched with job specifications. The information gathered from applications and interviews must be reliable and valid, clearly job-related or predictive of success on the job and free from potential discrimination. The interview is an important source of information about the job applicant. It can be unstructured, wherein the interviewer is free to pursue whatever approach and sequence of topics that might seem appropriate or structured where each applicant receives the same set of questions, which have pre-established answers. Regardless of the technique chosen, those who conduct interviews should receive specialized training with interviewing methods. This gives the Human Resource manager the most relevant information for making a knowledgeable decision about which applicant will fulfill the needs of the organization.

When hiring a candidate, human resources is the first line of communication.An employee handbook is a necessary part of communication. The handbook sets out the rules and policies within which employees and managers must operate, how the organization sets wages, allocates training, and promotions opportunities, what services it provides, and what it expect from employees is discussed in the handbook. Obviously, merely writing a handbook is not enough. It must by continuously updated, publicized to employees, and supervisors must be thoroughly familiar with it, since they are the ones who translate policy into action.

A human resources department must also develop benefit packages that will attract qualified persons to want to work for their organization.In order to have a sound benefits package there are certain basic considerations. It is essential that a program be based on specific objectives that are compatible with the organizational philosophy and policies as well as affordable to the company. By utilizing a flexible benefits package, employees are able to choose those benefits that are best suited to their individual needs.

Today organizational operations cover broad areas and require continuous training for effective job performance, evolutions in product areas, and corporate growth. In order to have effective training programs, organizations can utilize a systems approach. Key areas of this approach include needs assessment, program design, and evaluation. Needs assessment begins with organizational analysis. Managers must establish a context for training by deciding where training is needed, how it connects with strategic goals, and how organizational resources can best be used. In designing a training program, managers must utilize principles of learning in order to create an environment that is conducive to learning.

A smart organization tries to prevent problems before they occur.This is done by establishing a prevention program.Prevention programs take many forms. They include redesigning jobs to diminish hazardous conditions, conducting, safety training programs, even offering pay bonuses for good safety records. Safety hazards are those aspects of the work environment, which have the potential for immediate and sometimes violent harm to employee. Examples are lost of hearing, or eyesight, cuts, sprains, bruises, broken bones, burns and electric shock.Health hazards are those aspects of the work environment that slowly and cumulatively lead to deterioration of an employee s health. Typical causes include physical and biological hazards, toxic and cancer - causing dusts and chemicals, and stressful working conditions.

A performance appraisal program is a tool used to improve productivity and morale of an organizations workers.Performance appraisal programs serve many purposes, but in general those purposes can be clustered into two categories administrative and developmental. The administrative purposes include decisions about who will be promoted, transferred, or laid-off. They can also include compensation decisions and the like. Developmental decisions include those related to improving and enhancing an individuals capabilities. These include identifying a persons strength and weaknesses, eliminating external performance obstacles, and establishing training needs.

Human resources creates effective motivation and leadership. recruiting and retaining the right personnel, rewarding and treating employees fairly, establishing an environment that supports the people and benefits the organization, the Resource Manager looks towards a future with exciting challenges and opportunities for managing an organizations most valuable resource - its people.

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Essay on a life experience

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The environment we live in and the people we know greatly shapes who we are.Everyday we experience something new

to add to this.Sometimes our experiences are minor, like meeting a nice person at school, and sometimes our encounters

are life changing how we view ourselves and our situations.I feel incredibly priveleged to have had the experiences I have

undergone.Perhaps the greatest impact on my life occured when I was a volunteer at the Childrens Hospital.

While I volunteered at the Childrens Hospital I met a lot of kids who really touched my heart.Every day it got harder to go

however when I knew all the suffering I would have to confront.I didnt know how to deal with this and it pained me to think of

leaving the children I had come to know and love.One day I noticed a new room on my list of stops.The whole way there

I was heavy hearted.All I could think of was how horrible it was that another child was afflicted, that another family was

suffering.By the time I got to the door I had summoned up enough courage to go in and face this child that was about to

challenge everything I thought I knew about pain.

I walked in the room with my head held high, a smile on my face and a spring in my step.I thought I was ready for what

awaited me on the other side of the door, but nothing I had seen had prepared me for this.All my courage quickly dissipated

as I gawked at the sight before me.In the middle of the stark white hospital room lay the frailest creature I had ever laid eyes

on.This little blonde angel was set before me in the cruelest fashion.Tubes and wires emanated from all over her fragile

body.Machines were everywhere beeping and whirring in time with her shallow breathing.But what really through me off

was in the midst of all this cold, antiseptic machinery came the softest , most beautiful smileto ever touch my heart.

And then the angel spoke.

Her name was Julia and she was only 10 years old.She wanted me to read to her from the Bible because she said it

gave her strength.At firstI was a little unsure that the child in front of me could understand something as complex as the

Bible, but as I started reading her smile got wider and the din of the machinery seemed steadier than before. It amazed me that with all she was going through her face still held a look of pure tranquility.

In th weeks to come Julia rarely spoke of her affliction, which I found to be leukemia. She said she preferred to dwell on the more positive aspects of her life, like her family that loved her very much, her books, and her religion. Julia mainly talked to me about God. Ive never been a very religious person but it gave me hope to hear her talk about God the way she did. Julia didnt hold a grudge against him for her disease, but actually said she was thankful for the chance to learn from it and be a better person because of it. She saw her battle with leukemia as a chance to improve her life, not destroy it.

I distinctly remember a conversation I had with Julia one beautiful, sunny afternoon.Her condition had improved enough

for us to sit and listen to the birds.At first our talk was light,just comments about the weather and one of her Aunts visiting

from out of town, but then out of the blue Julia looked at me in distress and said,Tiffany, do you think God plans for me to die

young?I didnt know what to say.In my experience at the hospital I had been fortunate enough not to have to deal first hand

with the death of a patient.And Julia had always been so optimistic about her condition that it never even occured to me that she

feared for her mortality.A million thoughts and worries swam in my mind, I had grown to love my little blonde angel.Losing

Julia was a pain I wasnt ready for.I looked up at her with tears in my eyes and simply said,Heaven is already full of angels,

I think God planned for you to be mine.We sat in silence for a long time, both of us contemplating the brevity of life.Deep down

we both knew how sick Julia really was and how the doctors were running out of treatments to try.All that was left was love and

prayer.I said good-bye on that visit realizing that it might be one of my last.

Julias condition didnt improve any in my following visits.She had this look in her eyes that she knew she didnt have much

time left.I saw this and I thought she stayed strong.This delicate little girl was stronger than anyone Ive ever encountered.

Eventually her parents decided it would be best for her to go under home care where she could be surrounded by family to make

her remaining time more comfortable.With this decision I knew Julia would soon pass away.

The last time I called on Julia I stood at her door remembering the first time I had passed through it and the initial shock I had

felt, and then I remembered her smile and everything was okay.Her smile overshadowed all the pain and suffering.I knew if she

could be so strong in her illness and the event of her passing, I could be strong in watching her go.I opened the door and entered

the same way I had on that first visit, my head held high, a smile on my face, and a spring in my step.

Please note that this sample paper on essay on a life experience is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on essay on a life experience, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on essay on a life experience will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Comments on"The significance of learners' Errors"by S.P.Corder

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Basima Takrori

Comments on

The significance of learners Errors

by S.P.Corder

According to the essay, there are too schools or two attitudes towards errors made during the learning process of a language . The first school sees that errors are a strong evidence that shows the teachersfailure in teaching a language, these errors are committed by learners because they were not taught the right way . Contrary to first school point of view, the second one finds that errors are expected and are an important part of the learning process , means that you wont know the right if you didnt know the wrong . talking about the learning process itself of a language depends on the case of this language whether it is the mother languageor a foreignone . The mother language acquisition differs from learning the foreign language in three ways. Firstly it differs in the motivation, to learn ones mother language the motivation is internal and strong, while it is external and weak in learning the foreign one . Data during the process of acquiring mother language is unlimited, the child can learn through the whole environment around him, while data in learning a foreign language is limited, it may come only from the teacher and the text book ( mostly both arecompletely typical ).Not as learning a foreign language l earning mother language is part of the ones maturation and growing up process, just as Chomsky described it, it is innate a human nature that is created in each child before his/her birth. In addition, when we learn our first language we start from zero, the mother language is the base that learners stand on in order to learn language two. Lastly, during acquiring the mother language children make mistakes which are random and self corrected, while during learning the foreign language errors are systematic and corrected by others, usually by teachers .

I found the article suitable and understandable by any reader, it clarifies the issue of error analysis, giving obvious examples that lead the reader to the state of convention. Still I believe that consciously and unconsciously we have errors during learning a foreign language, sometimes because we dont know if it is wrong or right, sometimes we may be sure it is right though it is wrong, sometimes we know it is wrong the way we write it or say it but we simply dont know how it should be . If their should be a source of errors, it wont be one, each person makes errors reasoned by his/her learning condition .

According to the essay, there are too schools or two attitudes towards errors made during the learning process of a language . The first school sees that errors are a strong evidence that shows the teachersfailure in teaching a language, these errors are committed by learners because they were not taught the right way . Contrary to first school point of view, the second one finds that errors are expected and are an important part of the learning process , means that you wont know the right if you didnt know the wrong . talking about the learning process itself of a language depends on the case of this language whether it is the mother languageor a foreignone . The mother language acquisition differs from learning the foreign language in three ways. Firstly it differs in the motivation, to learn ones mother language the motivation is internal and strong, while it is external and weak in learning the foreign one . Data during the process of acquiring mother language is unlimited, the child can learn through the whole environment around him, while data in learning a foreign language is limited, it may come only from the teacher and the text book ( mostly both arecompletely typical ).Not as learning a foreign language l earning mother language is part of the ones maturation and growing up process, just as Chomsky described it, it is innate a human nature that is created in each child before his/her birth. In addition, when we learn our first language we start from zero, the mother language is the base that learners stand on in order to learn language two. Lastly, during acquiring the mother language children make mistakes which are random and self corrected, while during learning the foreign language errors are systematic and corrected by others, usually by teachers .

I found the article suitable and understandable by any reader, it clarifies the issue of error analysis, giving obvious examples that lead the reader to the state of convention. Still I believe that consciously and unconsciously we have errors during learning a foreign language, sometimes because we dont know if it is wrong or right, sometimes we may be sure it is right though it is wrong, sometimes we know it is wrong the way we write it or say it but we simply dont know how it should be . If their should be a source of errors, it wont be one, each person makes errors reasoned by his/her learning condition .

Please note that this sample paper on Comments on"The significance of learners' Errors"by S.P.Corder is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Comments on"The significance of learners' Errors"by S.P.Corder, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on Comments on"The significance of learners' Errors"by S.P.Corder will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

Order your authentic assignment Live Paper Helpand you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible!

Mrs. Dalloway: How Much Is Autobiographical?

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Did Virginia Woolf realize how much she was writing about herself throughout her career?It is almost impossible to say for certain.As readers, all we can do is sift through the pieces and conjecture.In Mrs. Dalloway, said by some critics to be her best work, the central characters show a remarkable resemblance to Woolf at times.Woolf uses the characters of Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith in a large way to describe the two sides of herself…the rational and the sane. While it might be too hasty to say that she intended these two characters to directly reflect her own personality it its different shades, we can certainly see where this happens, even if unintentionally.

Clarissa Dalloway is a pathetic and tragic figure.Pathetic because she distills the joy of life into simple social functions, and tragic because although she has explicit knowledge of the joy of living, social functions are the only method available to her with which to personalize this joy.She is trapped by society, in the ways that Woolf explores in her other works, by the role delegated to her by gender-norms of the time period.Luckily for Woolf, she was able to cross many of the gender boundaries that she observed around her with her writing she made a career other than wife/mother for herself, and gained individual recognition through her choice of career.Clarissa was not so lucky, and in this way highlights the problems of women that Woolf saw all around her, and the fate that Woolf narrowly escaped in her lifetime.In a way, this can be seen as a purging of Woolf's fears of housewifely mediocrity.

Clarissa's passion was not always expressed solely through her social functions.Before she married Richard Dalloway, she bore an intellectual likeness to Woolf.Clarissa debated with her friends, even the topic of women's rights was addressed as is remembered by Peter Walsh on page 7, held a strong affinity for walking through gardens, and liked to read serious literature, "her favourite reading as a girl was Huxley and Tyndall." (Woolf 77)While it is evident that Woolf was not a fan of "English society," and pokes fun at it in Mrs. Dalloway, especially through the use of the character Hugh Whitbread, Woolf was not completely immune from it herself.

Clarissa's sexuality can be linked to Woolf's.The image presented of Clarissa's sexual relationship with Richard is that of "the bed narrow…a virginity preserved through childbirth which clung to her like a sheet." (Woolf 1)This sexual rigidity was also apparent between Virginia and Leonard Woolf, as is documented from Virginia's letter to Leonard in May, 11, before they had even taken wedding vows."So I go from being half in love with you, and wanting you to be with me always, and know everything about me, to the extreme of wildness and aloofness.I sometimes think that if I married you, I could have everythingand thenis it the sexual side of it that comes between us?As I told you brutally the other day, I feel no physical attraction in you." (The Virginia Woolf Reader 47)

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In contrast, the passion of Clarissa's relationship with Sally Seton is similar to that of Woolf's passion for Vita Sackville-West.In a letter dated August, 17, Woolf calls Sackville-West "darling creature," and "dearest Creature." (The Virginia Woolf Reader 58) In August, 140 Woolf writes, "What can one sayexcept that I love you and I've got to live through this strange quiet evening thinking of you sitting there alone." (The Virginia Woolf Reader 68)Clarissa's mind, contemplating the missing piece of her marriage, turns naturally from thoughts of her virginal bed to thoughts of her girlhood with Sally Seton."Take Sally Seton; her relation in the old days with Sally Seton.Had that, after all, been love?" (Woolf )Woolf even used the same imagery when describing Clarissa's sexual state and her own.When Clarissa goes up to her bedroom, she is "like a nun withdrawing." (Woolf 1) Woolf wrote to friend Ethel Smyth, "'...but I was always sexually cowardly, my terror of real life has always kept me in a nunnery." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Sex)

Clarissa's party itself can be compared to Woolf's novels.Clarissa interprets her party as a culmination of her talents; her opportunity to shine in front of an audience and give the only gift she has to give an experience of life."What she liked was simply life.'That's what I do it for,' she said, speaking aloud, to life." (Woolf 11)At the outset of the party, Clarissa's nervousness that it will be a failure is downright paranoid, much like Woolf's paranoia at the failure of her novels.

Oh dear, it was going to be a failure; a complete failure, Clarissa felt it in her bones as dear old Lord Lexhamstood there apologizing for his wife who had caught cold at the Buckingham Palace garden party.She could see Peter out of the tail of her eye, criticizing her, there in that corner.Why, after all, did she do these things?Why seek pinnacles and stand drenched in fire?Might it consume her anyhow!Burn her to cinders! (Woolf 167)

The parallel between Clarissa's paranoia over the success of her party and Woolf's paranoid concern over the success of her novels is easily made.The fire images also create a connection between the two, as Woolf is said to use fire images consistently in connection with her mental illness, and even in describing the writing of Mrs. Dalloway."It was a subject that I have kept cooling in my mind until I felt that I could touch it without bursting into flame all over.You can't think what a raging furnace it is still to memadness and doctors and being forced." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History)Woolf was even known to entertain at times, and is described to have experienced much the same anxiety over the success of the event as Clarissa.Stephen Spender, a frequent guest, remembers such an occasion."When entertaining she would, at the start of the evening, be nervous, preoccupied with serving the drinks. Her handshake and her smile of welcome would perhaps be a little distraught." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Personality)Woolf was known to gossip among her friends, and even made snobbish comments on occasion.These characteristics serve to show us that there was definitely a side of Woolf that dared to indulge in some of the pursuits of "English Society," whether she cared to admit it or not.This is not surprising, considering her distinguished family lineage.In her letters Woolf speaks of many different parties that she attended during her lifetime, and makes reference to Lady Colefax, an aristocratic woman that she did not particularly like, but was important in literary circles.Woolf's life was definitely not completely devoid of the social trappings that she seems to so detest.Perhaps this is why we are given such a sympathetic view of Clarissa without her literary talent, Woolf would have been Clarissa.Clarissa's words, while pondering the meaning behind her party, sound so much like something that Woolf would have written in her diary or to her sister, Vanessa, that it is difficult to remember that this isn't Woolf speaking casually to an associate.

All the same, that one day should follow another; Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday; that one should wake up in the morning; see the sky'; walk in he park; meet Hugh Whitbread; then suddenly in came Peter; then these roses; it was enough.After that, how unbelievable death was!that it must end; and no one in the whole world would know how she had loved it all; how every instant…(Woolf 1)

There are also smaller facts in the text that connect the two women.Peter remembers Clarissa being confined to bed with headaches on page 6, a problem that Woolf experienced throughout her life.Clarissa's sibling died when she was young; Virginia's brother Thoby died young.The reason given for Clarissa and her husband's separate beds is an illness that she experienced.Woolf often expressed the concern that her "illness" was a problem in her relationship with Leonard, and caused distance between the two.As Woolf put it in her last letter to Leonard, "…I am wasting your life.It is this madness…You can work and you will be much better without me." (The Virginia Woolf Reader 6)

The parallel between Woolf and Septimus Warren Smith is obvious their common insanity. The cause behind each of their illnesses is not such an easy thing to conclude from our vantage point, but enough background is given to make a fairly educated guess.Both thought that they were to blame for their condition, and suffered from extreme, unwarranted guilt.It is implied in the text that Septimus suffered from what came to be known as "shell-shock."His experiences in World War I were of such a disturbing nature, that they caused him to become mentally unbalanced.He was forced to kill people whom he didn't even know, and forced to watch people whom he did know die all around him.The recurring appearance of his friend Evans intimates guilt over the fact that "far from showing any emotion or recognizing that here was the end of a friendship, [Septimus] congratulated himself upon feeling very little and very reasonable." (Woolf 86)One can only imagine the effects of this, and Woolf was able to do just that.Septimus was consumed by the guilt and horror of what had happened during the war, and personified these feelings into what he describes as "human nature" (Woolf 6) and "the brute with the red nostrils." (Woolf 145)This feeling of being pursued by his personification of his mania is what led him to kill himself.

The cause behind Woolf's madness was not quite as simple as with Septimus, but probably related to a feeling of guilt, nonetheless.The fact that Woolf was sexually abused by her stepbrothers Gerald and George Duckworth as a child is widely known, and has been written about by a large amount of biographers, including nephew Quentin Bell and friend Nigel Nicholson.She also documented the abuse in diary entries and letters.Although it might seem illogical that she would feel guilt over abuse that she received, not perpetrated, current psychological theory tells just the opposite.Not only is it common for victims of sexual abuse to experience psychological problems as adults, it is also common for victims to feel extreme guilt over the events.Feelings of shame and misconduct are often reported in cases of childhood sexual abuse victims.Approximately 40% of all victims/survivors suffer aftereffects serious enough to require therapy in adulthood. Some of the aftereffects can include inability to trust (which effects the therapeutic relationship), fear of intimacy, depression, suicidal ideation and other self-destructive behaviors, and low self-esteem, guilt, anger, isolation and alienation from others, drug and alcohol dependency, and eating disorders." (McClendon 1)

Another cause of guilt for Woolf was the death of her father.In February, 104 she wrote, "The dreadful thing is that I never did enough for him all these years.He was so lonely often, and I never helped him as I might have done.This is the worst part of it now." (Virginia Woolf Psychiatric History Attacks)Chilling as it is to think about now, Woolf's mania and guilt, like Septimus, led her to kill herself.

The symptoms that Woolf was reported to have suffered almost exactly match those of Septimus.First of all, they both suffered hallucinations and claimed that they had contact with the dead.In a diary entry dated January, 14 Woolf writes, "I've had some very curious visions in this room too, lying in bed, mad, and seeing the sunlight quivering like gold water, on the wall.I've heard the voices of the dead here." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Attacks 1)Septimus has episodes of hallucinations at different point throughout the text, and has visions of his dead friend from the war, Evans.Perhaps the most memorable incident of this is in Regent's Park, where Septimus's wife, Lucrezia, takes him."There was his hand; there the dead.White things were assembling behind the railings opposite.But he dared not look.Evans was behind the railings!" (Woolf 5)

Both Woolf and Septimus share a loathing of the doctors who tried to treat their illnesses, and of course, in both of their cases, the doctors failed.The two doctors in Mrs. Dalloway are presented as completely ineffectual.First there is Dr. Holmes, who claims that there is nothing wrong with Septimus; he just needs to keep his mind on outside things.Secondly, Dr. Bradshaw, who speaks ridiculously of "proportion," as the word is even applicable to the horrors of war. (Woolf )Both doctors insist that Septimus should be sent to the countryside for a "rest-cure," an idea that Septimus is utterly opposed to, and leads him to the paranoid conviction that they were out to "get him."Right before Septimus throws himself outside the window, he hears Dr. Holmes charging up the stairs."Holmes was coming upstairs.Holmes would burst open the door.Holmes would say 'In a funk, eh?' But no; not Holmes; not Bradshaw." (Woolf 14)

Woolf felt very much the same abhorrence for her doctors, and the prescription for rest as her cure.She wrote of it to friend Ethel Smyth in June, 10, "Indeed I was almost crippled when I came back to the world, unable to move a foot in terror after that discipline.Thinknot one moment's freedom from doctor's disciplineperfectly strangeconventional men; 'You shan't read this' and 'You shan't write a word' and 'You shall lie still and drink milk'for six months." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Attacks 1)

Both Woolf and Septimus experienced the "excited stage" and "depressed stage" of mania.The excited stage includes symptoms such as continual, irrational speech, and an upswing in mood.Leonard, writing about one of Woolf's early attacks, describes her thus "She talked almost without stopping for two or three days.For about a day what she said was coherent, the sentences meant something, though it was nearly all wildly insane." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Attacks 1)Septimus's is seen to act this way on several different occasions."He would argue with [Lucrezia] about killing themselves; and explain how wicked people were; how he could see them making up lies as they passed in the street.He knew all their thoughts, he said; he knew everything.He knew the meaning of the world, he said." (Woolf 66)Their attitudes do not seem depressed; on the contrary, they speak excitedly and hurriedly.Their thoughts are coherent, but based on impossible premises.Right before Woolf's suicide, many accounts deem her to have been cheerful and productive.Septimus's last thoughts before killing himself are of life "He did not want to die.Life was good." (Woolf 14)This is typical of their illness.

Of the depressed stage of mania, there are also many examples.Symptoms of this stage include severe depression, a belief that their state cannot be helped, and is their own doing.When Septimus is asked by a doctor if he served with distinction in the war, Septimus thinks to himself, "[I have] committed an appalling crime and been condemned to death by human nature." (Woolf 6)The day before Woolf's suicide she submitted to a consultation with Dr. Wilberforce, whom she told that it was "quite unnecessary to have come." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Suicide)A recollection of Dr. Wilberforce from only a week earlier notes Woolf to have said she was "desperatedepressed to the lowest depths." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Suicide)

Another interesting parallel between the two is their writing.Septimus writes continually throughout the novel, jotting down disassociated sentences on scraps of paper everywhere he goes. "Men must not cut down trees.There is a God.(He noted such revelations on the backs of envelopes.)Change the world.No one kills from hatred.Make it known (he wrote it down)." (Woolf 4)An excerpt of Woolf's letter to Leonard in 11 sounds much the same "I had other adventures, & some disasters, the fruit of a too passionate & enquiring disposition.I avoided both love & hatred.I now feel very clear, calm and move slowly, like one of the great big animals at the zoo.Knitting is the saving of life…I must go and post this." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Attacks )Woolf also claimed that the ideas for her novels were born during periods of insanity.In 10 she writes of this "As an experience, madness is terrific I can assure you, and not to be sniffed at; and in its lava I still find most of the things I write about.It shoots out of one everything shaped, final, not in mere driblets as sanity does." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Attacks 1)A clear example of this, and an obviously autobiographical note in Mrs. Dalloway, comes from a period of seclusion in 104.Woolf is recorded to have thrown herself out of a window at a rest home, the method by which Septimus kills himself, of course.She also claimed to hear birds singing to her in Greek, as Septimus does in the park.

The last parallel to be made here is that of the sense that Woolf is constantly in battle with herself.She was a soldier in her own personal war between sanity and insanity.She makes reference to herself as "a fighter" in her diary, after feeling depressed and attacked by dismal reviews of her new book. (The Virginia Woolf Reader 8)Again on page 0, she makes reference to this idea "This idea struck me the army is the body I am the brain.Thinking is my fighting." The connection here being, obviously, that Septimus was a soldier in the English Army.A reference to Clarissa being involved in battle is also made in the novel."…taking Mrs. Dalloway's parasol, handled it like a sacred weapon which a Goddess, having acquitted herself honourably in the field of battle, sheds, and placed it in the umbrella stand." (Woolf 0)

As we see by the end of Mrs. Dalloway, Clarissa, the only sane person of the three, wins her battle. Her party is a success.Woolf and Septimus, however, are not so fortunate.Their illness, a condition apparently out of their control, gets the better of both of them.As Lucrezia ponders Septimus's intent to kill himself she thinks to herself "…it was cowardly for a man to say he would kill himself, but Septimus had fought; he was brave; he was not Septimus now."(Woolf )Likewise, Woolf writes to Leonard in her suicide note "I don't think two people could have been happier till this terrible diseased came.I can't fight any longer." (Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History Suicide)

Works Cited

McClendon, Pat."Incest/Sexual Abuse of Children."Pat McClendon's Clinical SocialWork.11.http//www.clinicalsocialwork.com/incest.html

Ingram, Malcolm. "Virginia Woolf's Psychiatric History" 00.http//www.ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/malcolmi/vwframe.html

Leaska, Mitchell."The Virginia Woolf Reader" Harvest Books 184.

Woolf, Virginia."Mrs. Dalloway"Harvest Books 181.

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Costa rica

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Costa Rica!

La Comida

1. points Food staples in Costa Rica include Beef, Chicken, Fish, and seafood which is relatively cheap because the nation exports most of their seafood. Some of the foods in Costa Rica are made with pesticides that are illegal in some countries.

. points Some of the popular drinks in Costa Rica include Horchata which is a cinnamon flavored cornmeal drink. Chan, a slimy drink made of seeds, Fresco de Frutas, which is basically a fruit salad floating on a base of kola and water. The beer in the nation is extremely popular to locals due to the high price of imported drinks. The most important drink to stay away from is the wine because they are not made from normal grapes and usually originate from blackberries or nance. The hangover for thse wines are extremely horrible.

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4. pointsBocas are different types of food served with drinks usually along the lines of chicken wings or bean soup. Bocas are a slowly disappearing tradition in Costa Rica.

5.points Mexican and costa Rican food differs in many ways. Some ways that Mexican and Costa Rican foods differ is that Mexican foods are usually more spicy and contain more beans and spices. Costa Rican will most likely contain a portion of rice in every meal and is some what oily.

6.points Casados are a mid day meal that usually contain rice, beans, fried plantain, salad, cheese, diced vegetables, and the customers choice of meat, chicken or fish.

7.points On an old costa Rican streetPaseo Colon, La Bastille presents fine French dishes in a colorful, romantic setting. It makes a pleasant place for a cozy dinner, especially the room in back, which is inevitably in the smoking section. Both rooms are decorated with original pictures and sculpture by French artists.Entrees run from ,000-6,000 colones, or $10-$0. But you can shell out up to ,000 for Chateaubriand and other specialties. And Crepes Suzette costs an immense 4,00. Wine, from French champagne to Chilean reds and whites, will also set you back a whole bunch of colones. This restaurant is not the most user friendly to surfing or fisherman type, but rather more for the high class tourist or native.

8. points Costa Rica exports many products such as agricultural products, flowers, and plants, food, drinks, and tobacco, textiles and leather, wood products and furniture, paper, graphics and printing, chemicals , rubber and plastics, non metallic minerals, and metal processing. Costa Rica ships these raw materials and products internationally and is a major player in the export business. Costa Ricas main food exports areb mainly beef such as cattle. They also export many things such as chicken. Other stuff includes canned fruit and vegetables.

11.points A typical meal in my home would most likely consist of a main course of meat or chicken, followed with a side of vegetables such as corn or rice. To finish off I would have something such as mashed potatoes. A typical Costa Rican meal would rely heavily on rice and beans to which is called Gallo Pinto.

La Gente

1. points Tico is the name given to the native Costa Rican to whom are in a respect, nationalists. Ticos are described as having native American and Mexican descent and have strong faith in their country. Some Ticans are full Native Americans to whom are derived from Central America. These people are scarce though and only represent % of the population.

. 4 points There are many opportunities available in Costa Rican people such as private schools which may cost money but are extremely good and recommended if you can get in. Foreigners can get into these schools as well and are more than welcome. Most foreigners take a Spanish class that will help a lot. Established in 175, Conversa interests me greatly. Spanish Programs at two locations, Santa Ana campus and San Jose in-town school. U.S. college credit available. This school interests me because I could live in Costa Rica for a while and earn college credits. This school stays in class from 7-4 ihn the day so I dont think that it could be a legitamit change for me.

4.points Costa rica does not have a military, they are one of the few coubntrys without their own military to protect thamselves. Instead costa Rica has an agreement with the United States stating that we will basically protect tham and be loner military.

6. 4 points Costa Ricas government is based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. Some ways that it relates to our system is that they have the same voting age, a supreme court, and a somewhat similar way of government. Costa Rica has a democratic government which we have had before. They do not get to choose there government, we do in a democracy.

7.points A typical Costa Rican home is usually made of mud or brick walls. They will usually use fiberglass panes or something such as a tarp or straw for a roof. The interior of homes might have dirt floors and only 1 or rooms. Some houses dont have indoor plumbing and are extremely poor. A typical American house will have sufficient siding and insulation, wood or carpet flooring, and indoor plumbing.

1.points Costa Rican nightlife is when the town comes alive. You will meet many tourists as well as young Ticos in nightclubs in Costa Rica. Drnking is very common and they are easy on age. Most activitys inn the city are dancing, socializing, and casual drinking.

1. 1 point The president of Costa rica is Abel Pacheco who has been in office since May 8, 00.

14.points A popular Costa Rican legend is Cadegos. The legend states that long ago a boy loved to party hard and stay out. One time this boy named Joaquin stayed out for a whole week and when he came home his parents were so furiated that his fathers eyes turned red with fire and this passed through the boy and he became a black dog named cadegos , for the wanderer. This dog follows anyone around to whom is not on the right path and not leading himself on the good way. The only way to relinquish yourself from cadegos is to stop partying and start down the right road.

Musica/Arte

1.pointsMany precolumbian art found in Costa rica represents a war, myth, or stature. It is common for alot of the art there to have two heads made of gold , or used as a necklace. They also made extremly fine jade designs to which were used in war. It is similar to art i have seen, I wasnt aware of where it came from though. Some of the things that this art is made of includes gold, jadeite, ceramic, and stone.

.points Most of the new, modern art from Costa Rica differs from the pre-Columbian art in many ways. Modern art is mostly made of light colors that are flowing and made of alot of cool colors. Old artrepresents war, death, or superiority. the new age art from the nation is usually pottery and/or paintings of some kind. Old art is almost always made to represent a figure and something they do or have done.

.points Costa Rican music differs from the typical American music that my generation litens to very much. My music is alot more graphic and obsene compared to friendly music of their nation. Costa rican music is a mix between Mexican and tropical with a more flowing tune. I listened to CantoAmeica which plays original love songs in Spanish to which i could not understand. I did enjoy it though, but i dont think that it would be accepted in the U.S., or be very popular, unless you were a Spanish teacher.

4. 4 points Some of the theatre that is popular in Costa Rica would be one called Cuenta de amor, which shows a family s moral values clashed with love that is brought on by traditional vlaues and new ideas of capitalism andforeign investment in the country. This style is brought on by the countrys undergoing time when new values and tradition were taking place.This theme relates to any kind of popular theatre that represents morals and contradictions in a changing world.

6.pointssome dances that are popular in Costa rican nightclubs includesalsa which is fast paced and lively or Merengue (similar, but doesnt require the skilled feet that Salsa does). Theres also Soca, a cross between merengue and reggae, so if youd like an introduction to these dances of seduction, this is probably your safest bet. Boleros are slow, Latin love songs; and Reggae is mellow Jamaican music requiring no coordination whatsoever. the most popular of all these dances would be salsa or Merengue, which are popular seduction dances.

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Contextual study

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Contextual Study Essay Chinese Landscape

My study had been based on Chinese landscape.I chose to research on this particular subject because I have an interest in it as it reflected who I am and my culture.I already know some things about Chinese painting but I had more to explore and discover underneath my knowledge.I looked at Chinese landscape painting in general, exploring the different styles that have been used in traditional and modern paintings.

I also explored landscape painting by several western artists.I researched on Schwitters, Samuel Palmer and Claude Monet.As a response to my study I produced a display work that showed the contrast between Chinese landscape painting and Claude Monet.I wanted to combine the two together and then compare them.During my research into Chinese landscape, I started to look at Japanese art.They are two different types of art but are very similar in style.

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Landscape painting has traditionally been China's favourite theme as they show the wonder of nature.The Chinese characters for landscape mean mountain and water.Almost all landscape painting illustrate mountains and water.The paintings often have a symbolic meaning to them.For example, the mountains represent long life and the water represents happiness.

Eastern style paintings are generally very stylized and elegant.They are often paintings related to nature consisting of mountains, water, birds and fishes.There aredifferent types of Chinese paintings traditional and modern.

The traditional black and white paintings are usually flat with little use of perspective.Lines played an important role in the formation of images.They were simplified pictures of either people, animals, plants or landscape and sometimes contained large empty spaces around the picture.Traditional paintings were not always in black and white.Some paintings consisted of a variety of colours but the style was kept the same as the black and white paintings.Faint washes of colour were used to sometimes fill the background or a certain space in the picture.

Modern paintings also capture some of the traditional look but they have a brighter and a more realistic look to it as well.The paintings are more detailed and various types of colours were used.

The pictures were painted using the same brush as the one used for writing calligraphy, therefore you had to know how to hold and control the brush properly when you change from painting to writing calligraphy.

The technique of traditional painting is divided into two major styles meticulous and freehand.Meticulous requires care and grace into the painting while freehand forms shapes and shows the brushwork and ink technique.Freehand is much easier to use because it allows you to paint in the way you want the picture to be.It's almost like you're letting the hand do the painting but you have to pay attention to how you're holding the brush.

This was also the same for writing calligraphy.If you didn't know how to hold and control the brush then the calligraphy wouldn't be correctly written.

Knowing how to write calligraphy was just as important as how to paint.Calligraphy was almost always used on paintings, which were written downwards that read from right to left.

I selected Monet's work because I have an interest in the pictures that he paints and his style of painting.

Claude Monet is generally thought to be the most outstanding figure among the Impressionists.The term Impressionism comes from his picture Impression Sunrise. A title was needed in a hurry for the catalogue of the exhibition in 1874. Monet suggested simply Impression, and the catalogue editor, Renoirs brother Edouard, added an explanatory Sunrise.

Monet's painting style is all about light and colour and brush strokes.Monet discovered that when working from nature, even the darkest shadows and the gloomiest days had a vast variety of colours.

He slowly learned that to show the light and colour in his paintings he had to paint quickly and to use short brushstrokes.

In all of his paintings, his brush strokes are very visible.He paints stroke by stroke that separate the colors whereas some artists make the colours blend in together.

Monet's paintings mostly consist of landscape.His famous Japanese bridge painting was inspired by Japanese art and is known to the public worldwide.

What I found interesting about this was that there was a connection between Monet's work and Chinese landscape paintings.Japanese art is very similar to Chinese art and this had a big influence on Monet's landscape paintings.

My research in Chinese landscape allowed me to explore some of what I hadn't known about before.There was indeed a contrast between Monet's work and Chinese paintings.Monet's paintings are about light and colour and Chinese paintings are about simplifying and brushstrokes.

I discovered that there were also similarities between them as well.Landscape paintings are the main area of interest for both Monet and Chinese art.The direction of brushstrokes is almost alike between them both because line played a vital part in their paintings.My research in Chinese landscape was interesting for me and it helped to understand a bit more about the paintings of my culture.

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Creative management

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1.1 Ways of describing the creativity of an individual

1.1.1 The way of learning

One way of looking on differences of creativity between people is describing how they learn. According to Kolb the learning process can be seen as a cycle which is divided in four stages. Experiencing oneself in the doing of a task is usually the first phase. In this stage the individual, team or organization simply carries out the task assigned. Second is the reflection stage, which involves stepping back from the task and reviewing what has been done. The skills of observing, noticing differences, and applying terms help to identify subtle events.Following this stage, the connection phase involves interpreting the events that have been noticed and understanding the relationships among them. This is also called "Abstract Conceptualisation" and it is seen as particularly helpful as a template for framing and explaining events. The last part of the cycle is the planning stage. In this phase the individual takes new understanding and translates it into predictions about what is likely to happen next or what actions should be taken to refine the way a task is handled.

Furthermore Kolb suggests that each individual has preferred areas in the learning cycle, and according to this "Learning Style Inventory" people can be divided into four groups.

Accomodator

The accomodator prefers to plan and act. This persons greatest strength lies in carrying out plans and experiments and involving oneself in new experiences. An accomodator tends to stand out in those situations where one must adapt oneself to specific immediate circumstances.

Diverger

The divergers dominant learning abilities are acting and reflecting. This person's greatest strength lies in his imagination.A diverger has an outstanding ability to view concrete situations from many perspectives and does extremely well in generating ideas.

Assimilator

The Assimilator has preferences in reflecting and connecting. This persons greatest strength lies in the ability to create theoretical models. An Assimilator excels in inductive reasoning and in assimilating disparate observations into an integrated explanation.

Converger

The convergers dominant learning abilities are connecting and planning. This person's greatest strength lies in the practical application of ideas.A converger seems to do best in those situations where there is a single correct answer or solution to a question or problem.

1.1. Innovators and adaptorstwo different styles of thinking

People have different styles of being creative, which are influenced by their personality, their culture, their age and gender. Kirton has defined two styles of thinking which influence our decision-making process the Innovator style and the Adaptor style. The differences between both styles lie mostly in the perception of the problem, the analysis of the problem and the analysis of the solution. To determine our style, we use a test made by Kirton and according to the score, everyone will be located on a continuum ranging from highly adaptive (score of 45) to highly innovative (score of 145). The mean value is 5-6.

To differentiate the Adaptor style to the Innovator style, we shall present an extreme definition of both.

Adaptors

Adaptors concentrate their efforts to improve and do things better. For solving a problem, they look at it in details and tend to use existing theories, policies or practices. To avoid risk-taking, they rely on methodicalness, precision and prudence. They often look for acceptable solutions. Though they might be vulnerable to social pressure and authority, they have a tendency of conformity which makes them feel comfortable in an organised structure. As they tend to self-doubt and want to have logical suggestions, they have difficulties to get over their own censor-barrier.

Innovators

Innovators are more concerned by doing things differently than doing things better. They are able to extract the problem from its enveloping accepted thought and approach it from unsuspected angles. Therefore they provide many different ideas. They use their intuitive thinking to propose non-expected solutions but as they are unconcerned about the risk involved, their ideas might be less accepted by other members. In a structured group, they might be difficult to control and seen as undisciplined, abrasive and insensitive because they challenge easily the rules but in an unstructured environment they tend to control efficiently the situation.

.1.1 Creativity and Innovation.

Reflecting innovators and adaptors brig us to the analysis of how effective could be our team to manage innovation within any organization, how creative we are to manage innovation processes in order to develop and enhance the overall organization performance…?

"Invention implies bringing something new into being; innovation implies bringing something new into use". Innovation has been defined as the successful introduction into an applied situation of means or ends that are new to that situation. (Mohr, 16, quoted in Cummings and O'Connell, 178, p.4)

Innovation is a learning process, the product of which is new applied knowledge. Operation is an established process driven by existing knowledge.

What makes innovation unique as a business process is that creativity and routine are intertwined throughout the process. The routine tasks have little value by themselves however; their purpose is to support the knowledge discovery process.

What innovation can reach?

•An idea generating a substantial improvement

•A strategic tool for competitive advantage

•A potentially disruptive and costly venture

•A fun and motivating experience

Why it's important to manage innovation?

•Crucial to quality, productivity and competitiveness

•Due to costs, needs to be engineered where needed

.. How we innovate within an organization?

Within this process we identify where and how each one of our group members is more capable to take action responsibility. The goal is to join a group of team members that can be able to demystify the innovation process and its driving forces, to reveal the unique innovation practices of market champions and understand what makes them so successful and unique.

Now, we've already detected two kinds of creative styles within our group, innovators and adaptors; an important issue to analyse is the relation we obtained between these two creativity styles within our group. It's evident from the results obtained from the innovators vs. adaptors dynamic, the only innovators in the group seems to be Sergio, although Tomas & Laurence are slightly below to the innovation area on graphical representation. These innovators or potential innovators, tend not to be as closely related to the group's prevailing, relevant paradigms, and even opposing such consensus views, are more strongly resisted, and their originators are liable to be treated with suspicion or even derision.

On the other hand, the adaptors which is the majority in our team( Letitia, Dennis,Aile & Romayn) depend usually and directly on agreed paradigms, are more easily grasped intellectually, and therefore more readily accepted by most, and the authors of such adaptive ideas are more likely to be themselves adaptors.

While innovators find difficult to combine with others, adaptors find it easier, although the latter will more rapidly establish common agreed ground, assumptions, guidelines, and accepted practices on which both ground our collaboration together. Because of this last argument and considering the long time frame innovation process takes, we consciously believe that we'll be capable to manage soon or later innovation successfully.

.. Leadership

At this stage we already have an idea of how innovation management process should be structured, now for managing innovation, every member of a team has to lead and promote certain activities within this process, then leadership has to exist. According with Pearson's "uncertainty matrix" there are roles for leadership for innovation that play in different circumstances and stages, these are

Inventor Has an idea, which is original (novel, appropriate)

Champion Give support to the Inventor when the idea is to come to the attention of others within an org.

Sponsor Entrepreneurial energy to drive the idea to a "wider" field and make it happen.

Project leaders Turn the idea in to reality in a detail way.

Gatekeeper Get access to the resources and transform them.

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Colonial America

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During the 17th century in colonial America, change and growth were occurring in society.New religions were being created, and new governments were being formed.The mix of religions and politics made 17th century colonial America one of the most liberal regions of the time.Yet the freedoms of their society do not equal our standards of freedoms today.They had similar yet very different political, religious, and even personal laws from the society of today.

Americans have always been known to desire self-government. Even though colonial America did have a dictatorial leader, Sir Edmund Andros, for a short while, representative self-government was born in America.The House of Burgesses was formed in 1619, which is similar to our House of Representatives today.It was like a mini- parliament in America.Another example of self-government was the Mayflower Compact written by the Pilgrims.It was a basic agreement of simple government that featured majority rule.The New England Confederation was another model of self-determination.Four colonies banded together for defense against foes.In today's society, countries band together to defend against enemies in war.These were steps along the path to the self-government we enjoy today.

Since many colonists came to America from England, England thought that they could control America.That is something we could never imagine today.England created the Dominion of New England, which was aimed at bolstering colonial defense in the event of war with the Indians.It also promoted the English-enforced Navigation Laws.These laws were designed to let America trade only with countries ruled by the English crown.Voting rights were also different, since only men who owned land could vote.No women could vote, no slaves could vote, and certainly not men who didn't own land.In our world, any citizen can vote, as long as you are registered and eighteen.There was also no right to a fair trial in colonial America.We could never dream of not having the right to a fair trial.Political rights have changed since then, and they will continue to change as our society grows.

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Religious views and rights have changed tremendously since the 1600s.People were persecuted in the past for their religious beliefs.King Henry VIII even invented a new religion just so he could get a divorce.The Act of Toleration was passed in 1649 to give toleration to all Christians.It wasn't as good as you might think though; it decreed the death penalty to Jews, atheists and any other religion that didn't believe in the divinity of Jesus.Colonial America in the 1600s was full of Puritans who had strict religious beliefs.They believed in predestination, visible saints, and dissenters.One famous dissenter was Anne Hutchinson.She believed that you did not have to do good works to get into heaven.She committed heresy by going against the doctrine of good works.We are more tolerant now of people's religious rights than they were in the 1600s.Today people are not persecuted for their beliefs; they actually come to America to be free from persecution.

Even though they may have been persecuted in the 1600s, people have always come to America for religious freedom.Rhode Island was just one of the many colonies founded for that reason.America will always be a very mixed and diverse region full of different religions.We still believe in many of the beliefs that they had in the past.In the 1600s, people believed in the separation of church and state.After the Glorious Revolution, the privilege of voting was extended to all qualified male property holders, not just church members. Clergymen could not hold office in that period, and it is still discouraged today.The Great Awakening was a religious revival that led to a growth in church membership and competitiveness among denominations.It increased missionary work and led to the founding of centers of higher education.Without these similarities America would not be the same today.

There were also personal rights in the 17th century that are not like today's rights. However, there are some that are the same.Blue laws stated that you could not do certain things in public, such as kissing or holding hands.They concerned your personal behavior.Today we do not have such laws.The social ladders, on the contrary, are like today's structure.There are still economic class structures that restrict movement between sections.This grouping of people in layers is called stratification.Freedom of expression has always been an important freedom in our society.One of the fighters for freedoms of the press and free speech was John Paul Zenger.He was a newspaper printer who had written about the royal governor in a not so glorious manner.Even though it was the truth, he was charged with seditious libel and tried in a court of law.When he was found not guilty, the precedent of a free press was established.

These differences in political and religious beliefs have developed our society into what it is today.Many of their basic beliefs are also part of the foundations of our society.We expanded and grew on the beliefs of 17th century colonial America.Although colonial America was one of the most liberal areas of its' time, our society has many more freedoms and guaranteed rights.

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Old kingdom Egypt

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Old Kingdom

The most important development of all in the Fifth Dynasty was the growth of the power of provincial nobles. Whether as a deliberate royal policy or as the result of a weakening center, many administrative posts became hereditary and their holders began to live on estates in the provinces they administered. This led to a gradual but inexorable decline in the authority of the kings. Now that they lived in the provinces, the nobles also built their tombs there. Many were of great opulence and on a scale that would not have been acceptable in earlier times. The achievements of each official were proclaimed in an autobiography carved on the wall of the tomb, a justification of his right to enjoy offerings from others for eternity. As the owners could no longer rely on their links with the kings for an afterlife, a new philosophy began to emerge which focused on the relationship of the deceased with Osiris, the god of the Underworld. The dead man would no longer be judged on his relationship with the king but on his own merits. This would become the dominant belief of the following centuries.

A number of factors may have been important in bringing a collapse in central authority in the Sixth Dynasty, about 180 BCE. Rainfall had been diminishing in northern Africa, and it may have been that the Nile floods were lower. Certainly there are reports of famine from this time. The long reign of Pepy II of the Sixth Dynasty, traditionally put at over ninety years but probably between fifty and seventy years, seems to have led to a gradual fossilization of political affairs with provincial nobles further consolidating their positions. Control over Nubia weakened, with expeditions there in search of gold meeting strong opposition from the local population. Signs of decline can also be seen with the tombs of Pepys courtiers. They surround his pyramid at Saqqara as in earlier times, but now they are mudbrick rather than stone. At the same time there are reports of raids from nomadic tribes on the borders of the kingdom.

With the end of the Sixth Dynasty comes what has been traditionally called the First Intermediate Period (c. 10 - 040 BCE). In some areas provincial administrators appear to have taken over the administration and successfully maintained stability. By this time the system of administration was well established and the local officials highly experienced in running it. These officials would have wanted to keep order not only to maintain their own position but to give them the opportunity to provide tombs and offerings for their own afterlife. However, not all of Egypt remained peaceful. There seems to have been a major power struggle between rulers at Heracleopolis in Middle Egypt, who claimed to be the heirs of the Mephite kings, and the rulers in the provincial capital of Thebes in Upper Egypt who managed to extend their rule as far as Nubia in the south. Some texts record a major breakdown of the social order. One document talks of a world turned upside down, with a result famine, and rich and poor in upheaval. Gold and lapis lazuli, silver and turquoise, carnelian and bronze are hung about the necks of slave girls while noble ladies walk in despair throughout the land.......Little children say [to their fathers] he should never have caused me to live. (translation Rosalie David). however, nothing in the archaeological record suggests social or political upheaval on this scale. Whatever the reality, unity would not be restored to Egypt until about 050 BCE with the coming of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty.

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The Decline and Fall of Ancient Egypt

The Nubians were conquered various times by Egypt, once during the Old Kingdom and again during the Middle Kingdom. The major one came during the New Kingdom, during the eighteenth and twentieth dynasties. The dates for these dynasties are approximately 1567 B.C. to 1085 B.C.. After the twentieth dynasty, the Nubians separated themselves from Egypt. In 750 B.C. they conquered Egypt. They ruled Egypt until the Assyrians took over in 670 B.C. This particular group of people were one of the first to conquer Egypt. They began the fall of the Egyptian Empire. They were only in Egypt for eighty years, before the Assyrians took over.

King Mentuhoptep I tried to bring Nubia back under Egyptian control during the sixth dynasty. Nubia was reconquered during the Middle Kingdom. Again it was brought back under Egyptian control during the New Kingdom. It would stay this way for almost four-thousand years, when Nubia broke away from Egypt and then turned around and conquered it.

As a part of the Egyptian Empire, Nubia did a lot of trading. Egypt used the resources there. In Nubia there was a lot of gold and copper which was used during Egypts Middle Kingdom. This trade helped the Egyptian Empire. They sent stones that were used for buildings, ebony for furniture and gold that was used in gold working;. The Nubians had contacts that the Egyptians did not have. They were able to trade with other cultures in Asia and other places.

During the Middle kingdom, this group of people was not very receptive of the Egyptians. They would lead raids against the military posts that Egypt set up. They were recruited by Egypt to fight in its wars.

Please note that this sample paper on Old kingdom Egypt is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Old kingdom Egypt, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Old kingdom Egypt will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Gucci

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Executive Summary

The formula used by Gucci in the marketing of its luxury goods has remained unchanged for the better part of fifty years. The focus still remains on the customer and the loyalty he has towards the Gucci product. Because the luxury goods market falls well outside the normal boundaries of hierarchical needs, the product range find itself in the sector of non-economic influences. Gucci has come to terms with this in the very early stages of development, and has marketed the prestige and expensive way of life that Gucci has to offer.

The product design, quality and brand name has become synonymous with the elite, and will continue to do so because of the well maintained distribution of its products throughout the world.

The Gucci Company should primarily look at the market development and concentrate on new development within existing markets or possibly new markets that carry the status and appeal suitable to the Gucci brand. The Asian luxury goods market is a definite new market to consider, and definite growth can come from the new stores recently opened in Japan.

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Together with the market development, market penetration can be concentrated on, and the Gucci stores should endeavour to concentrate on the newly rich. Already all Gucci stores are the ambience of high fashion, high price retailing. They are understated, refined, and luxurious and there is no hard selling as the buyer is accustomed to paying the prices requested. Gucci should emphasise the famous name it has to the newly rich customers, and endeavour to win over the loyalty at an early age.

Luxury goods have specific pressures that lead towards adaptation rather than standardization. These include customer needs, packaging, and communication in the market place as well as the different distribution channels available to the company.

The current product line up is seen to be well within the range of width and depth, as the fashion industry favours repetitiveness. Gucci seem to be using all promotional mixes to their advantage and continue to promote the product as awe-inspiring.

The use of advertising, publicity and direct selling are all key to the continued success.

Before any luxury goods item can be sold, the company has to identify with the needs of the consumer first. This remains true for any product as if there is no need for the product, then why purchase it.

Secondly, the life cycle of all products continues to play an important role in the global market.

Branding of the different products is of utmost importance as the brand almost guarantees the retail sales of the specific product. It is irrelevant that the product might be a luxury item or not.

As previously mentioned, all goods are sold according to market demand, and there are certain forces, which need to be taken into account when assessing the demand globally.

1.The Formula for Luxury Good's Marketing.

In 11 Guccio Gucci opened a small luggage and saddlery company in Florence, selling exclusive leather goods created and produced by the finest Florentine craftsmen.

This formula has held true as the company has kept one distinct and bonafide marketing tool throughout its existence. The term "exclusive".

The company, since it's inception and even after the fact that it has become a public entity, still holds a structuring by function philosophy. The success thereof remains the centralized control of the entire operation from the headquarters in Florence.

1.1 Motivational Needs

The Gucci Company relies heavily on the needs of different individuals. Since the Gucci Company is primarily in the marketing of luxury goods, it stands to reason that a key focus area remains that of the so-called "Esteem needs" of the individual.

These needs are reflected in a wide variety of luxury products within the Gucci stable. Luxury goods play heavily on the implication that the individual is a discerning buyer, a cut above the rest, and that using their products makes a statement about who they are and what status they hold in society.

1. Buying Criteria

The Gucci customer falls not into a category of Economic influence, but rather in a category of non-economic influences. Influences that Gucci rely on are prestige, security, friendship and social needs and other personal factors. A further dimension to the buying criteria is trust, which Gucci has firmly embodied since it began.

1. Segmentation

Because segmentation within the luxury goods market is extremely difficult to realise, the Gucci Empire has concentrated specifically on the "lifestyle" segmentation of its consumers. The term "lifestyle" is used in its widest sense to cover not only demographic characteristics, but also attitudes to life, beliefs and aspirations.

Because there are four main components to the lifestyle segment, Gucci now only has to market within these boundaries.

ɨ Activities

Gucci simply has to concentrate on the categories that their consumers do in the course of their lives. They would concentrate on the consumer's hobbies, preferred form of entertainment as well as sports interests and club memberships.

ɨ Interests

Interests are particularly linked to areas such as fashion, food and the media.

ɨ Opinions

Gucci looks at the innermost thoughts of their consumer. Thoughts such as social, political and cultural issues are brought into the fold.

ɨ Demographics

Lastly the elements such as age, education, income and occupation are looked at. Included in this segment may also be the life cycle stage and geographic location.

1.4 Classification of Gucci's goods

Primarily, Gucci would want its goods and products to be categorised in the speciality goods sector as the high risk, expensive, very infrequently purchased products in this category evoke the most rational response that Gucci could hope for. The psychological and emotive pull of a brand name like Gucci could still override objective assessment of information, leading to a biased, but happy decision for the consumer.

The products in this category need very specialist retailing that will provide a high level of augmented services, both before and after the sale. Limiting distribution to a small number of exclusive and well-monitored outlets not only protects the products from abuse, but also helps to enhance the products special image and the status of the buyer.

1.5 Branding

Since the classification of the Gucci range of products falls within the speciality goods sector, it is important to maintain this exclusive range with the branding that has seen it become one of the most sought after luxury goods items to date. From Gucci's perspective, the most important remains the building of defendable brand loyalty to the point where the trust, liking and preference for the brand overcomes any lingering price sensitivity. The benefits of the Gucci brand for the retailer, is that the product is well supported by marketing and advertising, therefore the retailer has some assurance that the product will sell.

1.6 Product design, Quality and Guarantees

The design of the various Gucci products remains one of the most important factors influencing the consumer's decision-making process. Design is an integral part of the product itself, affecting not only its overall aesthetic qualities but also its ergonomic properties and even its components and materials. All of these together can enhance the products visual appeal, something that Gucci do extremely well.

Quality, design, style and the corporate name and reputation are the key ingredients to the success of the Gucci brand throughout the world to date.

1.7 Conclusion

The formula used by Gucci in the marketing of its luxury goods has remained unchanged for the better part of fifty years. The focus still remains on the customer and the loyalty he has towards the Gucci product. Because the luxury goods market falls well outside the normal boundaries of hierarchical needs, the product range find itself in the sector of non-economic influences. Gucci has come to terms with this in the very early stages of development, and has marketed the prestige and expensive way of life that Gucci has to offer.

The product design, quality and brand name has become synonymous with the elite, and will continue to do so because of the well maintained distribution of its products throughout the world.

. Market Growth

Because the Gucci Company is looking at different growth markets for the future, it is imperative that they consider both its markets and its products. Gucci can continue to do what it has always done, but only better, or it can look at entirely new ventures.

.1 Market Penetration

A viable way for the Gucci Company to increase growth. The company can look at selling more luxury goods in its present market. Supporting tactics can include increased advertising or increased distribution outlets.

. Market Development

Gucci can continue to sell its range of luxury goods, but to an entirely new market. Currently Japan is seen as the country to which initial expansion projects must be directed towards. The popularity of luxury goods among the teenagers has significantly increased sales revenue since 14. Reasons for this are the revival of the Japanese economy together with the cult like status that the luxury goods branded apparel appear to achieve.

However new market development has risks, and the risk that Gucci is encountering is the ever-increasing threat of counterfeit products.

. Product Development

A simple strategy that calls for Gucci to develop new products to sell into their existing market. Gucci currently sell Handbags, small leather goods and luggage, shoes, ties, scarves, ready to wear collections, watches and a variety of personal items. To add to this list would seem extreme in the line of luxury items, as looking at anything further to this, would run the risk of losing the status appeal of the Gucci brand.

.4 Diversification

Gucci could develop entirely new products to sell to an entirely new market, however this remains risky as the company has achieved success in the luxury goods market within a certain geographical arena. To not rely on the success of the past eighty-two years and the strong position that the Gucci Company holds would be far too risky at the current stage.

.5 Conclusion

The Gucci Company should primarily look at the market development and concentrate on new development within existing markets or possibly new markets that carry the status and appeal suitable to the Gucci brand. The Asian luxury goods market is a definite new market to consider, and definite growth can come from the new stores recently opened in Japan.

Together with the market development, market penetration can be concentrated on, and the Gucci stores should endeavour to concentrate on the newly rich. Already all Gucci stores are the ambience of high fashion, high price retailing. They are understated, refined, and luxurious and there is no hard selling as the buyer is accustomed to paying the prices requested. Gucci should emphasise the famous name it has to the newly rich customers, and endeavour to win over the loyalty at an early age.

. Product Standardization

Because fashion as well as luxury goods are so personal, it would be very difficult to standardise the product in any way. The distinct disadvantage would be the premium pricing of the various items, as no buyer wants to know that after the exorbitant prices paid, someone has exactly the same product.

Secondly, in terms of standardization, only Coca Cola can truly lay claim to the standardization of their product, and even then, they have been forced to change some smaller detail in terms of the bottle or the fizziness thereof.

Luxury goods have specific pressures that lead towards adaptation rather than standardization.

.1 Customer Needs

Clothing might have to be adapted for local markets and the use of different colours and production in different sizes.

Although possibly all garments are produced centrally in Florence, they would still have to be dyed on demand to meet the colour requirements of different markets

. Packaging and Communication

Not only do aesthetic preferences prompt adaptation, but Gucci need to be practical as well. The focus on adaptation could be brand imagery, packaging or market communication. Package design might also have to be adapted for local languages.

. Marketing Communication

Marketing communication might have to be adapted to, to take into account the different buyer readiness stages of different markets.

.4 Distribution Channels

Another practical consideration is the sophistication and structure of the different distribution channels. Gucci distributes its products through directly operated stores, franchise stores, duty free boutiques and department stores. These different stores all need a certain amount of adaptation in the marketing of the merchandise.

Recommendations for Gucci at the current stage of operations regarding their product line assortment, promotions and advertising would be the following;

.5 Product Line Assortment

In terms of the product line, the width, depth and line length do not seem to be too tiresome as the consumer is still eagerly awaiting new product line ups for the coming seasons. Gucci need to continue to come up with novel ideas in their ready to wear range as well as stay at the forefront of the small leather goods and luggage scene.

The Gucci Company could however look at extending upwards the product line up of handbags and shoes, as the strength of the name will allow Gucci to create a new product with higher margins.

At current, Gucci has no products in their final stages of the life cycle, as the reason for this, as said by Gucci, is that fashion repeats itself. The only consideration would be to phase out products that have not done particularly well.

.6 Promotions

The Gucci Company needs to use the promotional aspect to inform, persuade and remind their market of the products that they have to offer. At their disposal are five basic forms of promotions

ɨ Personal Selling Gucci uses this method with great success, especially when the time comes for their four ready to wear annual shows held in Milan

ɨ Advertising The timing of their adverts within the media is carefully coordinated with the different product launches and international fashion calendars. For Gucci, advertising is placed mainly in top national and international fashion, lifestyle and business magazines. Secondly, he recent surge in direct selling has led to the existence of the catalogue, which Gucci uses to entice new customers and keep existing customers.

The company believes that by increasing the utilization rate of its catalogues helps to increase the sales of its products.

ɨ Sales Promotions Although not an effective way for the Gucci brand to be seen to be selling its products, it does however have distinct advantages. A benefit would be the uniformity within the store. By including a wide range of activities in a sales promotion, one being in store displays, the stores could consistently be the objects of desire for the competition and the consumer.

ɨ Public Relations Gucci encompasses a wide variety of communication efforts to contribute to generally favourable attitudes and opinions toward its organization. A team of public relations professionals are based in London, New York, Milan, Tokyo and Paris. All efforts are targeted at the fashion press, and are especially highlighted before ready to wear extravaganza's.

ɨ Publicity A special form of public relations that would involve news stories about the Gucci Company. The disadvantage however would be the negative publicity that could be received, but remain out of the company's control. An example would be the public response to fur at present.

.7 Conclusion

Luxury goods have specific pressures that lead towards adaptation rather than standardization. These include customer needs, packaging, and communication in the market place as well as the different distribution channels available to the company.

The current product line up is seen to be well within the range of width and depth, as the fashion industry favours repetitiveness. Gucci seem to be using all promotional mixes to their advantage and continue to promote the product as awe-inspiring.

The use of advertising, publicity and direct selling are all key to the continued success.

4. The Generalization of the Global Market

Although Gucci deals with luxury goods, certain generalizations can be made from their global marketing of their products and that of everyday consumer products.

Any product has a life cycle and the marketer has to identify this life cycle together with the needs of the consumer.

The anatomy of the product from its core to its potential ultimately remains the same whether in the luxury goods area, or in the area of consumer goods. Gucci is in the business of durable products, however some consumers have the need for non-durable products and service products. In effect, consumer goods could be FMCG products and would revolve heavily around non-durable products and services.

Consumer goods carry further classifications in that they can be further broken down into convenience goods and shopping goods, whereas Gucci concentrates more on the speciality goods arena.

The branding of all consumer goods remains just as important as with luxury goods. The only difference would be the process. It would not benefit Heinz Baked Beans to advertise in a glossy fashion magazine, but would instead advertise in newsprint and the price would be a determining factor. As mentioned before, the luxury goods market does not typically advertise price.

The retailer would benefit hugely from consumer goods branding as this in essence guarantees him support that the products will sell.

Packaging is typically very functional in the consumer goods arena, whereas Gucci relies on the label more than anything else.

Whether luxury goods or standard consumer goods, all goods sold are determined by market demand, and this demand is determined by the number of people, the ability to buy and their buying behaviour. The differences in culture, economic, political and legal forces must be considered in the global market.

ɨ Social and Culture a shared set of values that are possessed by each individual. Elements to look for are family, customs, education and language differences.

ɨ Economic Environment A country's infrastructure, its level of economic development and the competition are all elements that need to be taken into consideration in the global market.

ɨ Political and Legal forces Different countries have different trade barriers and agreements

4.1Conclusion

Before any luxury goods item can be sold, the company has to identify with the needs of the consumer first. This remains true for any product as if there is no need for the product, then why purchase it.

Secondly, the life cycle of all products continues to play an important role in the global market.

Branding of the different products is of utmost importance as the brand almost guarantees the retail sales of the specific product. It is irrelevant that the product might be a luxury item or not.

As previously mentioned, all goods are sold according to market demand, and there are certain forces, which need to be taken into account when assessing the demand globally.

Bibliography

Brassington, F. (000) Principles of Marketing. (nd Edition) Prentice Hall, Essex, England

Etzel, M. (17) Marketing. (11th Edition) Mcgraw Hill, United States of America

Lamb, C. (00) Marketing. ( nd Edition) Oxford University Press, Oxford, England

Piercy, N. (00) Market Led Strategic Change. (rd Edition) Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, England

Terpstra, V. (000) International Marketing. (8th Edition) Thomson South Western, Ohio, United States of America

Please note that this sample paper on Gucci is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Gucci, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom research papers on Gucci will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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