Should Australia become a Republic (Oral)

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A black limo with a crown symbol and a mile long escort rolls to a stop in the township of Roma.An old lady dressed like a royal steps out.She looks fragile yet is so powerful.Hey guess what everyone; the Queen of England is coming to Roma

Yes that's right everyone the Queen of Australia is coming to Roma.Doesn't sound very good when you put it that way, does it?Well I was expecting a large YEE HAA or better offTally Ho!!!

Looks like we have a few future republicans in here hey, the patriots of tomorrow.Most of you would be wondering why the queen is coming to Roma. Well she is coming to Roma.

Well she is going to open the Big Rig, supposedly because the citizens of the Roma area where the highest percentage of non-voters in the last referendum.All I can do is shake my head, my insignificant little head.

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But we the people in this room are the voters of the future and we have the power to make the change, because Australia's

youth are Australia's future.

As you probably already know I am here today to persuade you that Australia should become a republic.There are many reasons why Australia desperately needs to become a republic; Australia becoming a republic is inevitable.

One source that I have seen really backs this statement up.In life the only two things that are inevitable are death and taxes………and a republic.This shows that YES we are bound to become a republic but when, and my answer is SOON!!!

Why should Australia's head of state be the king or queen of England?A head of state is someone who represents one country in the world and its affairs.

Our head of state should represent Australia, our national unity and our unique Australian values of freedom tolerance and a fair go.Australians love their country and I know all you believe this too, this pristine land of opportunity

We as a nation also strive our national unity.We move away from been known to the world das a convict settlement.We have done this over the past 100 years withworld wars and the Olympic games.

Thanks to the hard work of Australians we live in the best country in the world, so why should someone who isn't even Australian represent Australia,

We must, as the predecessors of these hard working Australians push this nation forward into the future, economically, socially and environmentally, because you must remember Australia's youth is Australia's future.

The main driving force behind Australia becoming a republic is the ARM or the Australian Reublican Movement.The main aim of the ARM is to see that in the near future Australian's head of state is Australian.

Our constitution as it now stands, states that the Commonwealth of Australia is established under the crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Supporters of ARM and myself believe this is inappropriate in the constitution of an independent nation and that Australians should be sovereign citizens, rather than subjects of a hereditary, secretarian monarch, who is also the head of state of 15 other countries.

This move would confirm the sovereignty of the people, in our successful system of parliamentary democracy while retaining all the fundamental principals of our current system.

Australia deserves to have an Australian leader, who's first priority is the country and its people.This change to a republic would give Australia a new sense of independence, while uniting different nationalities.

A feeling of national unity will develop.Australia over the years has developed its own culture.This change will also benefit the country economically. If Australia wish to trade with Asia then we should not be hanging on to a cultural heritage found in Europe.

Internationally Australia would be seen to have an independent identity, a good example is the USA.They became a major power after breaking away from the same country that rules over us.

I know its hard to compare ourselves with the yanks, I find it hard myself, but we must get over it and reliese that could and most likely happen to us also.

John Howard as the PM is one man who is pushing for Australia to become a world power and to enter world affairs.This is why the Australia labour party, democrats and Green independents have adopted policies aimed at becoming a republic.

To satisfy this need, 4 models were proposed and 4 ways of electing the head of state.The first way basically is the same system that goes now.The Prime minister is the one who selects the head of state.

The second is where the commonwealth government chooses the head of state.The third is by a special body constructed specially for this task.This sounds good but doesn't work all that good in practise.

The forth and most popular is the popular election.This is where the people choose who represents the country as head of state.This was what the people want and this is what I feel is the best model for Australia and its people.

Some of you must be wondering though why the referendum died out.It was the model that was proposed to put into action, which scared them off.It wasn't beause people loved the Queen or they didn't want a republic.NO

But because of the model that would have been put into practise.It was the one where the PM chooses the head of state.I wouldn't feel comfortable with John Howard selecting my president. Nope the people wanted the power

Simply, if Australia wants to become a republic then the president will have to be chosen by the people and that is all of you, because Australia's youth is Australia's future.

Its the year 00; Australia has been a republic now for 5 yeas and is now a world power.Australia has also received a major economic boom as our northern counterparts boost our exports by . The Olympics are on and are being held in Canberra.

The Australian team walks out under the Southern Cross.The crowd goes wild as this new sense of pride and nationalism takes full flight.What a country. What a country we live in.We have this opportunity and we must not waste it.

Now if you, the voters of the future want a country with national pride and a single identity, then on Australia's next republic referendum VOTE YES as you will be voting yes on the bettering of the future of this great great country.

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The berlin olympic games

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The Berlin GamesSport, Art or Propaganda

Berlin was selected to become host venue of the 16 games of the Eleventh Olympiad on May 1th 11 (Guttman, 18). In its time the Berlin games were labeled the greatest Olympics the world had ever seen, with little money spared in the construction of incredible stadiums and sporting arenas. But many people saw there were hidden agendas behind the efforts the Germans went to in hosting the games. Many labeled the games "The Nazi Games" (Ross, 1) some even argued that for the first time in history politics and perverted philosophy had hijacked the world's greatest sporting event (Blundell, Mackay, 1). The intent of this essay is to research the 16 games and provide answer to some crucial questions that arose from Berlin hosting the 16 Olympics. The Nazi regime in power at the time was never seen to be enthusiastic about sport, so why did their leader Hitler want to host the games and what were his hidden agendas? The second part of this essay will look at the arguments for and against a boycott of the 16 Olympics.

May 1th 11 the 16 Olympics were awarded to Berlin, at the time Heinrich Bruning was Chancellor of a coalition rule, but in 1 the National Socialist took power with Adolf Hitler becoming Chancellor (Guttman, 18). This came as a shock to the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as the Nazi held minimal relations to sport. Nazi's although were seen to be involved in gymnastics were dismissive and even alien to modern sports, with only the exception to boxing, said to be a display of physical courage (Guttman, 18). So when the Nazi party came to power people began to question the appropriateness of Berlin to play host to the games, due to political issues and racism that had been witnessed within the party.

16 was set to be a revolutionary Olympics, as it was the first time television would broadcast the games, adding a new dynamic to the games with massive media exposure which was set to attract world wide attention (May, 14). When looking back today at all the attention this would bring it was probably inevitable that politics would make a forced entry into the sporting arena.

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Hitler not being a sporting enthusiast initially didn't care too much about the success of the games that was until Joseph Goebbels Hitler's Minister of Propaganda convinced him of the propaganda value the games could have (Memorial museum Washington, 16). Hitler with the understanding that Germany had been awarded the games by the IOC to show it had regained its status among European Countries following its defeat in World War I, responded to Goebbels saying

"Germany is in a very bad and difficult situation internationally, it should therefore try to impress world public opinion by cultural means. In this context it is fortunate that the Olympic games will be held in Germany in 16, at which all countries of the world take part. If one invites the world to such a festival one has to show to the world what the new Germany can do culturally." (Memorial museum Washington 16.)

Hitler was a somewhat intelligent leader and began to build his own agenda for the games. After this recognition, when opposition began to form against the Olympics, Hitler didn't back out of the decision of playing host to the Berlin games, which surprised many.He began to grasp the political gain that could be made by hosting the Olympics and launched a propaganda exercise in an attempt to prove his supposed superiority of the Aryan race and the greatness of Germany as a country (May, 14). On October 5th 1 Hitler toured the progress in construction at the Olympic site. He promised the full financial backing of his regime with an enormous budget later set at 0 million Reichsmarks to the organizing committee to fund the games. Organisers couldn't believe their ears, little did they know the objective Hitler had to impress the world in the hope of gaining favor (Guttman, 18).

Hitler wanted to use the games to display to the world Aryan superiority, he did not want to have non-Aryans compete at his Olympic games. Although there were many talented non-Aryan athletes in Germany, Hitler exercised his power and devised a strategy to keep them out of the Olympic games. He made rule stating that any athletes that were not members of a recognized sporting associations or clubs could not compete for their country at the Games, then complimented this rule by excluding all Jewish, part Jewish and Gypsy athletes from joining these clubs and associations, indirectly disabling them from competing at the Games.

Overseas, while plans were going ahead, serious worries were being expressed about the suitability of Germany to host the games. Word was leaking out about Hitler's ideals of a 'Master Aryan Race', particularly in the United States with Jewish groups calling for a boycott (Blundell, Mackay, 1). After seeing how the German's hosted the previous Winter Olympics, US National Olympic committee chairman Avery Brundage argued that the Germans had proved themselves fit to host the games and finally the US Olympic committee voted 5856 to send their athletes. Their decision was backed up by a letter from German Olympic official Lewald that stated

"There will not be the slightest discrimination made in the Berlin games because of religion or race and furthermore… every participant has the fullest assurance of a kind, hearty and courteous reception" (ppGuttman, 18).

So in August of 16 the games commenced, seeing 4,066 athletes from 4 countries participate (Ross et al, 18). With the exception of Ireland, who boycotted the games due to religious reasons, all other Nations able to participate attended (Blundell, Mackay, 1). The main stadium capable of holding 100,000 people and 150 other new buildings were completed on time. Anti-Semitic posters and signs saying, "Jews not welcome here" that were previously scattered throughout Germany before the games had disappeared, and less controversial Nazi flags flooded the streets (Killanin and Rodda, 17). The games dubbed the best ever of their time, andout of 100 people who went to Germany that summer came away thinking the host nation had done a magnificent job (Hart-Davis, 186).

Hitler had succeeded on many levels, the games were considered a German sporting success, despite making it clear that their spectacular and highly efficient organization had the sole aim of glorifying the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Although the home team was the winner of the games withgold medals, ahead of Americas 4 it was as well that the US came to Berlin, as it allowed one mans achievements to make a mockery of the Nazi creed of Aryan superiority (Blundell, Mackay, 1). This non-Aryan man being Jesse Owens frustrated Hitler's vision of displaying the supremacy of the German 'Master Race'. Jesse became the hero of the games, taking out the most esteemed event being the 100m and also gained anothergold medals in track and field events, winning a total of four gold medals (May, 14).

Most people subsequently saw the games as a success, but many competitors were nearly denied the honor of representing their country when speculation arose on whether to boycott the games or not. The following section aims to outline reasons for the boycott of the games.

The games were officially awarded to Berlin in 11, without knowledge that in 1 the National Socialist would commence power with Adolf Hitler becoming Chancellor (Guttman, 18). Hitler and the Nazi regime were seen to have little interest in modern sports. Here it has become apparent that Hitler, a man with little interest in modern sport is attempting to use the games for his own agenda and his political gain. Sport and politics shouldn't mix. Athletes should not stand for this attempt to mix sport and politics and should boycott the Olympics in demonstration of their disapproval.

Pledges by the Germans that racism wouldn't be apart of their games were seen as hollow and not backed up with action (Guttman, 18). It was seen later the efforts that Hitler went to in the attempt to assure most Jewish athletes would be exempt from qualifying, by placing restrictions on their ability to gain membership in a sporting club which became a prerequisite to the qualifying stage. Anti Jewish and anti-Semitic posters and signs were scattered through the country, it was clear the racism that was present in Germany (Killanin and Rodda, 17), this should have not been tolerated and lead to a boycott.

Looking back now upon Hitler and his leadership and the worldwide turmoil they caused, to boycott the Olympics may of demonstrated the world's disapproval of what the regime stood for and hence stopped the holocaust and World War .

Factors against a boycott include Though Germany may appear to display some racism, even in the US in the 10's there were signs saying color free area. Many restaurants, buses, universities and public toilets didn't allow African American or Jewish people within their co-fineries. Why should racist remarks and poor treatment of Jews in Germany effect a countries decision to send its elite athletes to an Olympic games that athletes have probably dreamed of competing in and trained hard for many years to be at optimum fitness for. Sport and politics shouldn't mix, athletes should not be punished for decisions political leaders make.

In 14 Avery Brundage, President of the American Olympic committee visited the Olympic site and stated that the Jewish athletes had been fairly treated and the games should go on as planned. Therefore if the racism that had been rumored was seen as non-existent during Brundages visit of Germany there was no need for concern to boycott. In 1 Brundage expresses his opinions on the boycott stating

"The very foundation of the modern Olympic revival will be undermined if individual countries are allowed to restrict participation by reason of class, creed or race." (Memorial museum Washington 16.)

If this Olympics was boycotted this could of infuriated Hitler and accelerated his political lead to world wide assault in the efforts of an Aryan Master Race. This was a road that he was inevitably going to take and he already had a massive army force to attempt this.

So it can be seen that Hitler's enthusiasm and appreciation for modern sports were not the factors that convinced him to spend vast amounts of time and money in preparing and hosting the 16 Berlin Olympics. Hitler had an alternative agenda to see the games serve the interests and necessities of his Nazi party for its political gain, rather than the Olympic ideals. There were many grounds discussed that could of justified a boycott of the 16 games, but the consequences for this possible action can only be speculated.

Bibliography

Blundell, N., and Mackay, D. (1). The history of the Olympics. London PRC Publishing.

Guttman, A. (18). The games must go on Avery Brundage and the Olympic movement. Columbia University press.

May, N. (184). Gold gold gold. Maryborough, Vic The Dominion Press.

Hart-Davis, D. (186). Hitler's Games. The 16 Olympics, Century. Pp. 8-45.

Killanin, L., and Rodda, J. (17). The Olympic games. London Macdonald and Janes Limited.

Murray, B. (1) 'Berlin in 16 Old and new works on the Nazi Olympics' in, The international Journal of the History of Sport, Vol.no. 1, pp50-67.

Ross, J., Hutchinson, G., and Geddes, M. (18). Australias Olympic century. Sydney Pan Macmillan.

The Nazi Olympics Berlin 16. An online exhibition prepared by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (16). Accessed 1/04/00.

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Flight attendants

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Flight Attendants

Although it may seem that being a flight attendant is a simple job that requires little formal training or special skills, it is in actuality an often difficult job which entails hard work, intelligence, personal sacrifice and risk-taking. More than 75,000 men and women perform their duties on the majority of flights throughout the worldserving food, cleaning, taking action toward emergencies and sicknesses passengers may become stricken with. (career book)

There are many different aspects of a flight attendant's career and many things which one must attend to. A flight attendant receives a briefing before each flight from the plane's captain, telling him or her such things as the length of the flight, emergency evacuation procedures and the expected weather conditions. They must remember these things as they are vital in having a safe and smooth flight. Flight attendants welcome passengers aboard the plane, recite key information to travelers, check to make sure all seatbelts are fastened and display the correct use of lifesaving equiptment. They record information such as the condition of the cabin, the amount of money collected and numbers of such things as alcoholic drinks and headsets. This is all before takeoff. (collegegrad.com)

Once the plane is in the air, flight attendants distribute food, drinks, pillows, blankets and reading materials to passengers; answer questions and aid anyone who becomes ill or uneasy. (career book) Those in supervisory positions also oversee the others while performing all the above mentioned tasks. Many also make appearances at public events such as fundraisers or school assemblies.

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There are many requirements and a large amount of training to undergo before actually becoming a flight attendant. Prospective flight attendants should have a high school education, although at least some college is preferred. If one wants to work on international flights, they must be able to speak at least one foreign language. (career book) These people should also be poised, considerate, resourceful, polite, responsible and have a clear speaking voice. (collegegrad.com) Some airlines have height and weight requirements, although new laws often prohibit these restrictions on the gounds of discrimination. (Jane article)

Once a person meets all of these requirements, they still must pass a training course. Usually this course consists of four to seven weeks oflearning about the emergency procedures for evacuating the plane and dispensing first aid, among other things. They go on practice flights and are taught how to handle troublesome and disorderly passengers and how to deal with a possible terrorist attack or plane hijack, which is especially important in this day and age. The increase in terrorist attacks has changed the entire flight attendant career. Their lives are at a much greater risk now than in the past. Because of this, I believe that it is brave and honorable to choose a flight attendant as your profession. (collegegrad.com)

One difficult part of being a flight attendant is the crazy schedule one must adapt to. Flight attendants need to be available to travel across the country on short notice and be available to work late at night and on holidays. They can earn anywhere from under $0,000 to over $80,000, although

Median annual earnings of flight attendants were $8,80 in 000. The middle 50 percent earned between $8,00 and $56,610. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $18,00, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $8,60. According to data from the Association of Flight Attendants, beginning flight attendants had median earnings of about $14,847 a year in 000. However, beginning pay scales for flight attendants vary by carrier. New hires usually begin at the same pay scale regardless of experience, and all flight attendants receive the same future pay increases. Flight attendants receive extra compensation for night and international flights and for increased hours. In addition, some airlines offer incentive pay for working holidays or taking positions that require additional responsibility or paperwork. Most airlines guarantee a minimum of 65 to 75 flight hours per month, with the option to work additional hours. Flight attendants also receive a "per diem" allowance for meal expenses while on duty away from home. In addition, flight attendants and their immediate families are entitled to free fares on their own airline and reduced fares on most other airlines.

Flight attendants are required to purchase uniforms and wear them while on duty. The airlines usually pay for uniform replacement items, and may provide a small allowance to cover cleaning and upkeep of the uniforms.

The majority of flight attendants hold union membership, primarily with the Association of flight attendants. Others may be members of the Transport Workers Union of America, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, or other unions.

[Please note that the earnings and salary data listed here is usually from government sources and may be dated, so please make adjustments accordingly.]

hired, candidates must undergo a period of formal training. The length of training, ranging from 4 to 7 weeks, depends on the size and type of carrier and takes place in the airline's flight training center. Airlines that do not operate training centers generally send new employees to the center of another airline. Airlines may provide transportation to the training centers and an allowance for board, room, and school supplies. However, new trainees are not considered employees of the airline until they successfully complete the training program. Some airlines may actually charge individuals for training. Trainees learn emergency procedures such as evacuating an airplane, operating emergency systems and equipment, administering first aid, and water survival tactics. In addition, trainees are taught how to deal with disruptive passengers and hijacking and terrorist situations. New hires learn flight regulations and duties, company operations and policies, and receive instruction on personal grooming and weight control. Trainees for the international routes get additional instruction in passport and customs regulations. Towards the end of their training, students go on practice flights. Additionally, flight attendants must receive 1 to 14 hours of annual training in emergency procedures and passenger relations.

Please note that this sample paper on flight attendants is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on flight attendants, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on flight attendants will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"Even through today, the causes that he foought for so passionately have long ago been won, the plays are still exciting reading and superb 'theatre.' "What causes was Ibesn fighting for in Ghosts?Is it superb theatre?

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in "Even through today, the causes that he foought for so passionately have long ago been won, the plays are still exciting reading and superb 'theatre.' "What causes was Ibesn fighting for in Ghosts?Is it superb theatre?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your "Even through today, the causes that he foought for so passionately have long ago been won, the plays are still exciting reading and superb 'theatre.' "What causes was Ibesn fighting for in Ghosts?Is it superb theatre? paper at affordable prices!

Ghosts was a brave and bold attempt to fight for the liberation of humanity, entrapped by the over-controlling laws of society. An attempt of Ibsens which proved imensely successful and eventually paved the way for more naturalistic, realism drama.

In Ghosts, it is clear that the causes Ibsen was fighting for were represented in the themes of the play, sometimes symbolically and at other times just as they were. Being a fairly complex piece of work, I found it easier to understand Act 1 after I had completed reading the entire play. One of the first things that I noticed was the conection between the attempt of female emancipation against society and Engstrand and Regina. I felt that Regina represented the increasing independance of spirit of the oppressed female society at that point of time and Engstrand represented the stero-typical views society had against females.

Regina Just think of all the times youve sworn at me and called me a... Fi donc

Engstrand Im damned if I ever used a dirty word like that.

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Regina You neednt tell me what word you used!

Despite being the product of adultery, Regina is still able to stand up for herself against a man, her non-biological father, who clearly underestimates her. She is able to voice out her opinions in a clear concice and sometimes blunt and rude manner, a trait that seemed to be lacking ampng females at that time, who were expected to succomb to the wants of a man. In addition being the child of adultery scared her reputation as a pure woman and to have her voice out her thoughts that manner seemed at that time a truly controversal aspect for the character. I felt that Ibsen used Regina as a tool to fight for the humanity ofa human, regardless of who their parents were or what their parents did. Another point that come to mind why this might be a point of pursuit for him is that he too did have a child at a young age and this might have also played an important role in his moral beliefs.

Another point I noticed was the introduction of Engstrand asking Regina to work at the saliors hotel. This is a clear example of how men tended to treat women like animals, the disrespect and humilliation involved on the latters part.

Ibsen did also use Mrs Alving as a potent example as seen,

Pastor Manders ...But its not a wifes place to judge her husband...which you rebelled-...cast off the cross

This particular quotation is a clear example of the narrow-minded views society had of women, which Ibsen was trying to rid. It also serves as another example for the second theme.

In Ghosts, it is evident that Ibsen obviously has a grudge against the church. Pastor Manders is the symbolic representation of the church on the whole. It is not hard to notice that he is infact the biggest hypocrite, and tries to intimidate the other characters with his vast biblical comments and parable sarcasm. snares of the world are manifold. He is a cynical character, selfish, unreasonable and highly manipulative who was presented in an extremely unattractive light right at the begining of the book.

This symbolic relation came about due to the fact that Ibsen had a grudge against the church becasue it refused to lend him money. Along with that, he felt that its believers were hypocrites who had perpetual fear of god, but did not believe in love and forgiveness. This led him to the conclusion of how the church dampens ones happiness in life, just like how Pastor Manders dampens and criticises Osvalds way of living. Right? Right to have standards of living like that?

His left leg is rather deformed, and the sole of his boot is built up with wood.

The physical deformity of Engstrand probably represented the deformity of human relationships, as during that time at the turn of the century, when mordernisation was becoming evident, human relationships were sometimes based on guilt, secrecy and the fear of damination. Engstrand was Ibsens atempt to show his audience how ugly it can make one, having relationships of that sort with others.

During this period of mordernisation. it became clearly evident that the theme, old making way for the new seemed extremely appropriate. Hence was the case for its presence in Ghosts. Ibsen wanted the old to let their young experience life on their own, not the way life was experienced my theri parents. The joy of life seemed extremely important to him as Ghosts entertains many examples which speak indirectly, supporting his beliefs. In Ghosts however, it is so hard to achieve this truth of life, to experience the beauty and joy of living it on your own beliefs and not the inherited beliefs of your fathers to the point where Osvald becomes obsessed with this truth. His constant pursuit of the truth of life turns him into a crazed maniac at the end of the play.

Lastly Ghosts is filled with the bitterly ironic theme ofthe present inheriting the past. How the children of the present, inherit the Ghosts of their past fathers. Although it is not spoken of in the play, it is evident that the characters do believe in this theme. Mrs Alving in this quotation is seen protecting Osvald fronm the devegration of Mr Alving

Mrs Alving ...I thought he might be poisoned ...

The thought of the influence and connection Mr ALving might have had with Osvald is seen as poison by Mrs Alving, who is the character most prone to remarks concerning this theme. The deja vu of

Osvald I may as well help you to open it.[He follows her into the dining-room; the door half-open again after him.]

Here, it is clear that the Ghosts of Mr ALving have influenced Osvald to perforn the same adultrious act. I personally feel that Ibsen used the symbolic connection so strongly to implement his belief in order to make a greater impression to his audiences.

I definately feel that Ghosts is superb theatre. It exhibits naturalism and realism, vital aspects of mordern drama. The symbolic recreation of causes Ibsen fought for were not only translated to the audience by the acting of the actors but also by the clear, intricate stage details that add to the existing theatrical effectivity of the play.

I feel that the the biggest and most effectivethemes were 1) the old having to make way for the new, and ) the search for the truth, both of which are closely related and contribute significantly in supports for each other.

...rather smaller, and walled with large panes of glass. ..Through the glass, a view of a gloomy fjord, half hidden by continual rain, can be made out.

Here in this extract, the glass symbolically represents the fact that nothing can be hidden, no secret can stay one forever, everything will surface sooner or later. The rain conveys a sense of gloom and despair. This adds support to the search for the truth and how despite the lying and decit, the truth will always surface.

Pastor Manders Well, I shouldnt think most of those people could afford to set up a home and support a family.

Osvald Many of them certainly cant afford to marry, Pastor.

This depicts the confrontation between the old enclosed world and the new open world Osvald has experienced. In a way, I feel that in order to find happiness, the truth in life, one has to rid onesself of all the old ways as seen here. Osvalds friends have ridded themselves of the traditional wedding and despite not being married, continue to live happy lives. This is an example where Ibsen was trying to illustrate the positive aspects to old giving way for the new.

Another example of the intricate stage directions and details indicating the sittuation of the characters is evident at the start of the nd chapter.

The same room. The wet mist still hangs over the landscape.

The same room, Ibsen might have used this to indicate the unchanging state of the themes. The same room- the same sittuation? Maybe. The hanging of the wet mist tells me that the problem characters are tackling have not yet been addressed, or more or less simply that the truth has not surfaced. This is characterised by the truth being represented by the light,- the sun. And for the wet mist to still hang, it is seemingly obvious that the sun has not shown itself, hence the truth has not been revealed. In the middle of act , we are faced with the creeping darkness. This is when Osvald admits his syphilis to his mother in a rather indirect way. The fact that the darkness is creeping shows the possibility of the truth getting further away, or the main purpose of the play forgotten, due to the explicit content of the play.

In Act , we are met with the following

It is dark outside, except for a faint glow in the background...

At the last chapter, the truth finally surfaces. This extract above, shows the hints Ibsen gives his readers about the progression of the play.

Finally for the final climax of the play. Ibsen cleverly weaves nature in with humanity, both realistic aspects of life to add even more spice to the already highly enticipated ending.

...The sun rises; the glaciers and the peaks in the distance glow in the morning light.

After the constant stage darkness, the fact that the glaciers glow will add even more impact to the audience. All in the effort for the audience to receive that effectiveness of light. The glowing effect it produces, almost blinding considering you are an audience, sitting in the shadows of the play-then all of a sudden everything lights up. The effect must be overwhelming, almost shocking to a certain point. This is what Ibsen wants the audience to feel, so that they may be able to understand how the truth makes the characters feel.

His ability to blend different types of tools to generate human emotions, emotions that scare, disgust, shock, entice his audiences-that ability to overwhelm but yet at the sametime hold on to that realistic naturalism on stage is what makes me support the statement that Ghosts is superb theatre.

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The invisible man by james fallow

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Money and Power

" The Invisible Man" by James Fallow, "C.P. Ellis" by Studs Terkel, and "Thinking Critically, Challenging Culture Myths" by Gary Colombo. All three of these essays have a common point to them. If you look at them in a different light, you could say that each talks about power and the rich man. If someone has a lot of money they can persuade people to things that the person that has the money beliefs in. they can donate it to a government official who has the same belief system that the rich person has. They can persuade businesses, government officials or people to do things that the rich guy wants. Money brings extreme power, if someone that doesn't have money would need to be that much smarter.

Everyone wants power, if somebody has that power, they would want more of it. People think money equal power, and most of the time that is correct. In C.P. Ellis "My father worked hard but never had enough money to buy decent clothes. When I went to school, I never seemed to have adequate clothes to wear. I always left school late afternoon with a sense of inferiority" (Terkel 6). Inferiority in a sense means having no power or not fitting in. In the case of Ellis his father couldn't buy him the clothes so the other kids thought he was poor. People can't be

poor and have power. Low-income families don't have the resources to participate in society other than basic needs. This non-involument in society causes them to be controlled by others. These others include government official who need money to run for office. Once elected they gain more power over the life's of the low-income families. All the rich people have the wealth to get support elected officials. In Fallows he stated, "Why is the current politics of wealth and poverty seemingly about wealth alone… It is possible that similar "compassionate" rhetoric might yet play a part in the general election" (Fallows 57).The election process needs money to run smoothly. Government official use their fancy language to get votes, and they use their money to buy ads on T.V. and other sources like that. Power is being use all over the world. Power is useful when they can persuade schools to let the rich people kids in.

People who have money don't always want a poor guy to money. If money is power then if a poor guy gets some money then they will have some power then. If a poor guy needs money, then he will go to someone who has money. Then the person that lends the guy the money will have power over him. "My father was out of work during the depression, and I remember going to him to the finance company uptown, and he was tern down" (Terkel 56). When someone that doesn't have money to live on turns towards somebody that can help them. The person that helps them out kinds of own them until the borrower pays them back. Fallows worked in a temporary project inside a software company, and he use to stay late in the night.

Fallows usually saw a woman cleaning the office, but he couldn't look at her at all. Most people who money doesn't usually want to know that there are really poor people that are having trouble making a living. "Eventually I started leaving the office to go home as soon as I heard her a few doors down. I was willing to read articles about the travails of the working poor or the adjustment problems of older, unskilled immigrants. I just didn't want to watch her limp" (Fallows 60). Rich people don't really want to believe there are poor and sick people out there. They want to believe that if they can become rich anyone can become rich. It's hard for some people to fully understand why there are so many poor people around. Rich people want to believe that if they can become wealthy anyone can. If someone is poor it is really hard to break thru to become rich." [Bill] Shore, executive director of Share our Strength… " In a perverse way prosperity hides poverty," he says. " During a recession or hard econmic times, you'll read lots of stories about people out of work or homeless people. During a boom it seems unimaginable even if it's going on. Society at large is so consumed with how wealthy it is becoming that it leaves little mind share for anything else" (Fallows 66). When the times are good, people think that everyone is doing well. That's not the case for the poor people the times might be good for the upper class, but the poor people don't feel the economic boom. When there is an economic boom only the people at the top of the company profit from it. The people at top create wealth from this and can persuade people with their money.

Some people think money can buy love and happiness. Others think buying cars, fancy houses or ton of other recreational things with their money makes them better then other people " Some calculate the meaning of success in terms of multi-digit salaries or the acreage of their country estates" (Colombo ).Rich people belief money will make them happy, so they spend every moment trying to get as rich as possible. Poorer people tend to be more family orientated. Poorer people tend to borrow money from the rich people and get in debt. "I left the bread route with fifty dollars in my pocket. I went to the bank and borrowed four thousand dollars to buy a service station" (Terkel 56). Banks love lending people money. That's their way of taking money from us. People have a hard time saving and investing money. If someone has to always pay somebody back they have no way of saving it. In Fallows he talks about this problem, " A man in his twenties said $1 million, and a man in his forties said $15 million" (Fallows 6). This really means that these two different age groups think that these figures would make them happy. I believe if someone is truly happy in what they are doing the money doesn't really matter to them. Money is just paper, it cant buy love.

I have stated that if someone wants power they would need to get money. Money does buy almost anything a person needs and wants. People can use money to persuade people, to buy people and scare people. Rich people can almost get anything they want. I f they have a family member that's got in trouble with the law

they can pay to lower the sentence. If they have a kid that cant get into a good school they can pay for something and get that kid into the school.

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Frankentein: issues that are still adressed today

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Frankenstein Issues that are still addressed today

In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Mary Shelley brings up topics that are still an issue today.Even though the novelFrankenstein is over a hundred years old, there are still lessons that can be learned from the novel.Some of the issues that are brought up in the novel are the importance of family, disliking a person because they are different, and accountability for ones actions.

Society has always judged people on their physical appearance.If a person is something out of the ordinary then that person is automatically thought of as being weird. Society now, although more lenient than in Mary Shelley's day, does not do well with things that are "different".For example, in Mary Shelley's time a guy having an earring or a women working were something's that certain people did not do.While society as a whole has gotten more lenient there is always a set of standards that are considered "normal".Sometimes society does not give a person time to prove him/herself beforejudging them.All to often in society a person gets judged by the way he/she talks, the clothing he/she wears or in what part of the city a person lives in.These are just a few examples.

For example, in Frankensteinwhen the monster entered town "…[monster] had hardly placed [a] foot within the door…children shrieked, and…a woman fainted" (74).From that moment on the monster realized that, because of his appearance, he was not part of society.

In all respect, the monster had a gentle side to him but was never fully given the opportunity to show it.

As luck would have it the monster crossed paths with the De Lacey family.The De Lacey family was the family that he secretly cared for.The elder of the family was blind, what a perfect way to try to make a friend.The monster closely watched the family and thought that they were kind people who would be unafraid of his abnormal exterior.It took the monster months to get up the courage to go talk to the blind man, unfortunately it was all for naught.When the children came home from a walk to find the monster conversing with the blind man, "Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore [the creature] from his father…" (6).After that the monster lost all hope of having any friendships.

In a way there should be pity for the monster.The monster's hatred originates from his first encounter with human beings.The monster started out with a child-like innocence that was shattered by being rejected by society over and over again.His first encounter with human life was when he opened his yellow eyes to Dr. Frankenstein, his creator, as he, "…rush out of the room…" (7).If society was not so hung up on appearance maybe Dr. Frankenstein would have had a sense of accomplishment instead of failure.

In Frankenstein there is also a lack of accountability on Dr. Frankenstein's part.While Dr. Frankenstein was molding his creation nothing else mattered, friends and family took a back seat to his selfishness.Dr. Frankenstein does not ponder what life will be like with the creation, nor does he take into consideration that the creation might turn out wrong.

Finally, when the creation comes to life he denies all responsibility to the monster and just up and leaves. Dr. Frankenstein meant well, but was very irresponsible when it came time to own up to his responsibilities to the monster.As the creator of this monster, Dr. Frankenstein owed a debt to be there for him.Dr. Frankenstein was in many ways supposed to be a father to the monster.He owed it to the monster to be there for him and to accept him like family, after all that was all the monster wanted in return.Instead all he got was betrayal.

Frankenstein, in many ways can relate to family.For example, When a couple has a child, they owe it to their child to be there for them.The monster could be compared to a child in many ways.The monster knows nothing when he is first created, but in a very short time the monster learns how to read and talk just from watching and listening to the De Lacey family.The monster needed that emotional support of family to pull him through a tough time and Frankenstein was not there.The monster is also a logical thinker throughout the novel, especially when the monster makes Frankenstein feel his solitude.The creation spent so many nights alone that he wanted some kind of human companionship.That is only being human.

Moreover, the monster had so much pent up anger towards Frankenstein that when William (Frankenstein's brother) told the monster who he was the monster responded "Frankenstein! … You belong to the enemy- to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim" (101).When William was killed, the monster had so much rage against Frankenstein that he just lost it.

The monster tried to reason with Frankenstein, all he wanted in return was a woman, "I swear, … by the sun, and the blue sky Heaven, and by the fire of love that burns in my heart, that if you grant me my prayer, while they exist you shall never behold me again". (106).It is funny that the monster shows more emotion than Frankenstein does throughout the novel.

Frankenstein goes months on end without a word to his family and the monster is pleading for one, it is just ironic, who's the monster?Frankenstein agrees and then refuses to make a companion for the monster, even though the monster agreed "With the companion you bestow I quit the neighborhood of man" (105).It is like Frankenstein faults the monster for not wanting to be alone and live a life of solitude.Here the monster agrees to leave Frankenstein alone forever at the price of a companion and he won't do it.Even after his creation kills William, frames Justine (family friend), and eventually take the life of his wife, Frankenstein still won't change his attitude.

As human beings, people need interaction, it is a healthy part of human nature.Most people need to feel wanted and that is exactly why the monster always followed Frankenstein.The monster, under the right circumstances, would have been a helpful part of society.Frankenstein let his emotions get the best of him and for that he, as well as society, shunned the creation.Society as a whole needs to come together and not let our first instincts get in the

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Ben & Jerry's - Caring Capitalism

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A recent analysis has allowed us to examinethe Ben and Jerry's Corporation'soperating activities in relation to its mission statement. Ben and Jerry's mission statement incorporates product, societal and economic aspects which govern its operating activities. After careful analysis, we feel that the dilemma facing this organization is whether it can simultaneously be socially responsible and remain profitable.

Ben and Jerry's notion of "caring capitalism" attracts considerable consumer and media attention due to its uniqueness and originality. As the mission statement claims, Ben and Jerry's tries "To operate the company in a way that actively recognizes the central role that business plays in the structure of society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life of a broad community - local, national, and international." This atypical concern with societal issues illicits an emotional response from consumers to its products.

In our increasingly environmentally aware society, Ben and Jerry's offers a quality product while conveying a message that eases consumers' consciences. For example, the company promoted its involvement in the preservation of the rainforest by placing the following message on its Rainforest Crunch ice cream"Money from these nuts will help Brazilian forest peoples start a nut shelling cooperative that they own and operate."In 1, they also made consumers aware that the company would only use recycled packaging in their Peace Pops ice cream and frozen yogurt bars.

Along these same lines, 7.5% of Ben and Jerry's pretax income is donated to The Ben and Jerry Foundation, which makes awards to nonprofit and charitable organizations. Ben and Jerry's has also vowed to purchase its milk exclusively from Vermont farmers, despite the fact that the prices charged are considerably higher than average market prices. This concern for society's well-being makes Ben and Jerry's customers some of the most loyal in the industry. This loyalty to Ben and Jerry's products justifies their significantly higher prices.

Unfortunately for Ben and Jerry's, it is becoming increasingly difficult to continue using this socially conscious marketing strategy.In particular, recently imposed FDA regulations have forced the company to remove labels claiming that its products were made from "all natural" ingredients.Another hindering force in Ben and Jerry's marketing strategy is the rapid growth of its business.Increased sales have caused the company to alter its operating activities.More specifically, as sales of Rainforest Crunch expanded, Ben and Jerry's had to purchase 5% of its nuts from commercial suppliers.Previously, it had claimed to purchase all of its nuts from a cooperative operated by rainforest people in Brazil.This inability to make these socially conscious claims detracts from the corporation's original marketing image and from consumers' willingness to pay inflated prices.

An additional concern not only of Ben and Jerry's, but of the entire ice cream industry, is society's movement toward a healthier lifestyle.This is reflected in the low growth forecast for ice cream in the United States.To compensate, companies in this industry, including Ben and Jerry's, have reacted by expanding their product lines to include low fat ice cream and frozen yogurts.The low growth forecast coupled with consumers' changing tastes has created an increasingly competitive environment.Ben and Jerry's no longer holds a competitive advantage in terms of social responsibility and "all-natural" marketing.Without these critical advantages, it is plausible that consumers will respond by purchasing substitute goods.

Aside from factors influencing the entire ice cream industry, there are issues that affect Ben and Jerry's alone.Many critics have recently charged the company with unethical behavior; some even claim that Ben and Jerry's social mission is simply a gimmick.These accusations have stemmed from activities in which the company has not been completely honest with its consumers.One example of this unethical behavior is the previously mentioned Rainforest Crunch labeling issue.Another instance of questionable ethics was the "Yo, I'm your CEO" contest.The contest was unethical because consumers were falsely led to believe that they had a chance of winning the position, when in actuality a search firm was hired to find the new CEO.

After considering the various aspects affecting the Ben and Jerry's Corporation, we have compiled a list of alternatives to help it remain socially responsible and continue making profits.The first alternative is to concentrate more exclusively on the socially responsible portion of their mission statement.This assumes that Ben and Jerry's would rebuild ties with its consumers by staying true to its environmental promises.The following alternative is based on two flawed assumptions1) that Ben and Jerry's will pay exorbitant costs to produce its socially responsible product and ) that consumers will be willing to pay the resulting inflated prices.

A second alternative is to revise Ben and Jerry's product market definition by focusing exclusively on low fat and no fat products.This alternative takes into account the low overall growth forecast of ice cream and consumers' movement toward healthier lifestyles.However, this option is not feasible because Ben and Jerry's already has an extremely loyal consumer base.Any fundamental shift in product lines could mean losing this hard earned group of loyal consumers.Ultimately, the risks of redefining its operations could outweigh the benefits.

Eliminating the socially responsible mission statement as a marketing tool and focusing on producing quality products at a lower price is a third alternative.The company would also be encouraged to expand its line of healthy, lower-fat items.By choosing this option, Ben and Jerry's would no longer be tied exclusively to over-priced suppliers, and it would be able to capitalize on society's recent health surge.As a result, this will lower operating costs and raise profit margins.The lower priced, high quality products will add to its already loyal customer base.As for being socially conscious, a higher income will allow Ben and Jerry's to continue its charitable donations.This is the optimal solution because the company could increase profits, maintain its customer base, and remain true to its socially responsible tradition.

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To Kill a Mocking Bird

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Life itself has many phenomena many which are social, referring to the interaction of humans as well as status; economical, varying from one single individual to that of a society; educational, the education which is received not only from an institution by through the influence of society, and others which are laws of nature. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee uses her skill to try to explain such phenomena as the coexistence of good and evil, the education of children and deceptive appearances. Which in turn become some of the themes of the novel. Many of Lee's characters and the actions and attitudes they take perfectly exemplify such themes.

The contrast of good and evil plays a crucial part for the development of the story line, this conflict is represented through whites and blacks. Two people who represent this conflict are Bob Ewell and Tom Robinson. Whites consider Bob Ewell as "white trash" however, he sees himself above black people in the social ladder. He has many children whom he does not take care off. He is considered to be a negative character in the novel, which kills mockingbirds. On the other hand, Tom Robinson is a hard-working, good-hearted, crippled, black man, the mockingbird. At the time of the trial, he was not given a fair chance and even though the evidence clearly supported the fact that he was innocent, he was called guilty. Racial tensions between blacks and whites grew stronger and people like Jem and Scout had to take many insults by their schoolmates and neighbors. Atticus told Jem, "As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men everyday or your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it- whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash."

Maycomb is a classic, southern town in the 10s burdened with a legacy of racism and prejudice. Atticus and the Finch family are placed in a good social class compared to others like the Ewells or the Cunninghams. But after Atticus accepted the job of defending Tom Robinson, many people disliked this and did whatever they could to make life difficult for him and his family. Harper Lee created a balance in Maycomb's society through contrasting the negative characters, like Bob Ewell, Stephenie Crawford, with the positive characters, like Atticus and Maudie Atkinson. The negative characters claimed to know all that happened within Maycomb, not necessarily events and gossip but the way human nature worked. They thought themselves superior while hidden behind their white skin. The positive characters worked opposite to the way the negative characters did. They weren't judgmental nor racist and they protected the mockingbirds in the novel.

The idea of education in this novel does not necessarily come from what they learn in school but rather comes from what they are taught by society. At the beginning of the novel the children are still at innocent perfect, they are vulnerable to the way people around them act and to what they say. Their opinions have not been formed yet and Atticus is trying to help shape them. The children witnessed the unfairness of the trial, and lived through the institutionalized racism from the same government who judged Tom Robinson, he does not want them to be corrupted by society. Atticus served as the greatest educator for his children. One of the things he taught them was to respect and get along with the people around them, he wants to teach his children to really see people before they judge them. This is a life lesson that is being taught, it is to not be judgmental of people, Atticus tells Scout that most people are nice when you really see them, he is trying to shields her from society's cynical ways and to create faith in human kind. A valuable lesson that the children learned was why it was a sin to kill a mockingbird. Atticus told them " shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." This was a lesson in morality, something that Atticus hopped they would carry around for the rest of their lives. However, there is some kind of irony in Atticus' lesson, he is telling Jem not to kill mocking birds, when Maycob's society had already killed two, Boo and Tom. They understood the meaning of this when Miss Maudie told them "your father is right. Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up peoples gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." Scout was the one who matured and learned the most form the lessons taught by Atticus. Although Jem experienced first hand the injustice in the trial. "Try fighting with your head for a change" Atticus is trying to teach Scout to hold her head up high when her classmates were teasing her so that she would not turn to violence.

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"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you consider things form his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." Mrs. Dubose, Boo Radley, Dolphous Raymond, and even Atticus have deceived some one at some point in the novel. Mrs. Dubose deceived Jem and Scout, she appeared as a mean, old woman. But she was actually very sick and addicted to morphine. Boo Radley deceived Dill, Jem and Scout. Since they had heard so many scary stories and gossips about him, they thought he was mad man. But he was an innocent, kind-hearted person. Dolphous Raymond appeared to be a social deviant and a drunk to the whole society in general. He did this on purpose because he was unhappy with they way people discriminated each other. Atticus deceived Jem and Scout because to them, he appeared as an old, boring man. But after seeing how he handled the situation with the rabid dog, they saw how clever, skilled and courageous he was.

We can conclude that the character's actions and attitudes they take towards different situations help us understand about the life style in the south in the 10s. As we witnessed Scout and Jem's maturing through the book we also saw the lessons being taught, some regarding morality, respect, loyalty all of them being life lessons. Harper Lee presented to us a balanced society with positive and negative characters that contradict each other. The contradicted characters create a contrast between good and evil which help Harper Lee carry out the themes in this book and to symbolize a realistic society.

Please note that this sample paper on To Kill a Mocking Bird is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on To Kill a Mocking Bird, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon To Kill a Mocking Bird will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Efficient market theory

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The Efficient Market Theory says that security prices correctly and almost immediately reflect all information and expectations. It says that you cannot consistently outperform the stock market due to the random nature in which information arrives and the fact that prices react and adjust almost immediately to reflect the latest information. Therefore, it assumes that at any given time, the market correctly prices all securities. The result, or so the theory advocates, is that securities cannot be overpriced or under priced for a long enough period of time to profit from them.

The Theory holds that since prices reflect all available information, and since information arrives in a random fashion, there is little to be gained by any type of analysis, whether fundamental or technical. It assumes that every piece of information has been collected and processed by thousands of investors and this information (both old and new) is correctly reflected in the price. Returns cannot be increased by studying historical data, either fundamental or technical, since past data will have no effect on future prices.

A crucial feature of the EMH is A large number of investors who follow the movements of the shares price analyse the effect and buy/sell share in a way that causes the shares price to adjust to the new information.

The implications of this are

• EM requires some minimum amount of trading.

• More trading by more investors will lead to faster price adjustment and therefore more efficiency.

• At any point in time share prices should be an unbiased reflection of all currently available information including the risk involved.

Markets can be

• Perfectly efficient one in which every securitys price equals its intrinsic value at all times

• Economically efficient Some anomalies may exist but unable to generate abnormal profits due to market imperfections such as commissions, taxes, etc.

Three levels of Market Efficiency

Weak form

• market level data

• past price or volume information

Semi-strong form

• public information

• past information

Strong form

• All public information

• all (non-public) information

Weak Form

Prices reflect all past price and volume data. Past price changes unrelated to future price changes. The implication for technical analysis, which relies on the past history of prices, is that it is of little or no value in assessing future changes in price as market adjusts or incorporates this information quickly and fully.

Semi-strong Form

Prices reflect all publicly available information and all past information. Investors cannot act on new public information after its announcement and expect to earn above-average, risk-adjusted returns. Encompasses weak form as a subset

Strong Form

Prices reflect all information, past, current and private. No group of investors should be able to earn abnormal rates of return by using publicly and privately available information. Encompasses weak and semi-strong forms as subsets.

"Anomalies are empirical results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset-pricing behaviour. They indicate either market inefficiency (profit opportunities) or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. After they are documented and analyzed in the academic literature, anomalies often seem to disappear, reverse, or attenuate. This raises the question of whether profit opportunities existed in the past, but have since been arbitraged away, or whether the anomalies were simply statistical aberrations that attracted the attention of academics and practitioners", Schwert (00).

Some of the more common anomalies are discussed below.

Quarterly Earnings Reports Study finds that if a firm experiences unexpected positive changes in earnings (0+% higher than expected) then earns positive abnormal returns for up to 6 weeks. This doesnt support EMH (prices arent adjusting rapidly). There is also some debate as to whether the abnormal returns are found to exist due to

• Inefficiencies in the market (consensus favours this option)

• Inefficiencies in event study model used to compute expected returns.

The abnormal return was related to the size of the unanticipated earnings change (called earnings surprise).

P/E Ratios and Returns General contention firms with low P/Es will outperform those with high P/Es (high growth companies are overvalued by the market and therefore have high P/Es, but low-growth firms are undervalued, leading to low P/Es). If this is really true this would go against EMH.

Studies Basu (17) divided stocks into 5 P/E classes and determined the risk/return for the portfolios. Findings

High P/E group earned %

Low P/E group earned 16% and had lower risk (based on beta) even after adjusting for size, industry effects, and infrequent trading.

The Size Effect Do larger firms (based on Market Value) perform better or worse? Findings

Small firms (over the Long run) perform better than large firms (after adjusting for risk), although this effect is not consistent over time. There are lots of arguments over the small firm effect. Small firms arent traded as frequently and therefore, daily returns arent appropriate (because the prices experience serial correlation over time and that affects results). Roll says this causes the beta (and therefore the risk) to be underestimated. Reinganum (18) redid study based on this and found out he was right, but it still didnt completely remove the small-firm effect.

The Fama (18) study finds that a companys return is dependent upon size and price-to-book value, not beta. This would suggest that the market is inefficient.

Impact of Trading Activity Look at number of analysts who follow the stock and divided intogroups (highly followed, moderately followed, neglected). Found that there was also a neglected firm effect thus individuals might do well to invest in small neglected firms. It was thought that this effect maybe explained by trading volume in that those firms that were not traded heavily were skewed in some way. If they were then this might help explain the small firm effect (because small firms generally experience a lower trading volume). But, no, there was no significant difference in returns for those firms that experience low volume versus high volume.

The January Anomaly Investors, toward December, usually sell off to take advantage of losses on stock for tax purposes. After December, they typically want to reacquire the stocks, or reinvest their proceeds from the tax sale. This implies that in November/December there will be a large supply of stocks and in January there will be a large demand for stocks. EMH supporters argue that arbitrageurs should eliminate any effect as they would buy in December and sell in January. But, in approximately 0% of the years since 16, small firms have outperformed large firms, with approx. 40% of the return being earned in January.

Keim (18) finds

• Volume for stocks that had experienced losses during the year increased in December

• Volume for stocks that had appreciated experienced low volume (therefore, didnt sell because would have had to pay capital gains).

• In January, there were significant positive abnormal returns for stocks that had experiences losses during previous year.

Keim finds that over 50% of January effect takes place within the first week of January, particularly the first day. Other researchers have found that, while it was originally thought to be a small firm effect, it was a low price effect. The January effect was also tested in Australia (tax year ends in July, not in January). The same phenomenon exists for July (thus, some explanation for the tax effect), but the effect persists in January in Australia. It also existed in Canada which didnt have a capital gains tax during the time period tested.

Other Calendar Effects The Weekend Effect On Mondays the stock market generally goes down. Further examination revealed that this was due to an adjustment the weekend effect stock prices change from Fridays close to Mondays open and otherwise Mondays returns were positive. Also, the Monday effect was positive during January but negative for all other months and the size effect only existed in January. Keim finds that small firms do tend to have an all-day Monday effect, but larger firms have a weekend effect. Also, prices tend to rise on the last trade of the day.

Despite strong evidence that the stock market is highly efficient, there have been scores of studies that have documented long-term historical anomalies in the stock market that seem to contradict the efficient market hypothesis. While the existence of these anomalies is well accepted, the question of whether investors can exploit them to earn superior returns in the future is subject to debate. Investors evaluating anomalies should keep in mind that although they have existed historically, there is no guarantee they will persist in the future. If they do persist, transactions and hidden costs may prevent out performance in the future.

Researchers that discover anomalies or styles that produce superior returns have two choicesgo public and seek recognition for discovering the technique; or use the technique to earn excess returns. Its common for money to flow into strategies that attempt to exploit anomalies and this in turn causes the anomaly to disappear. Further, even anomalies that do persist may take decades to pay off.When searching large amounts of data, correlations between variables may occur randomly and therefore may have no predictive value. Anomalies that have existed over the longest time frames and have been confirmed to exist in international markets and out of sample periods are particularly persuasive.

Despite the documentation of the numerous existing market anomalies, they are not

significant enough to completely nullify the weak form and semi-strong form EMH,

which means that most investors are still not able to consistently beat the market.

However, many well-known individual investors have claimed that they have consistently beaten the market over the last few decades. As mentioned earlier, an efficient market does not mean that inefficiencies do not exist. It simply means that such inefficiencies do not exist for a very long period of time because the market forces are quick in correcting them. In many instances, a small investor will spot an under priced or an overpriced asset, but he/she is unable to take advantage of it. The main reason is because the transaction costs far outweigh the potential profits from such inefficiencies in most instances. In general, an investor needs to invest a huge amount of money in order to profit from such inefficiencies. In addition, most individual investors would have to spend a great deal of time to research these inefficiencies if they are to exploit them.

Appendix

Basu, S. (18) The Relationship between Earnings Yield, Market Value and Return for NYSE Common Stocks Further Evidence, Journal of Financial Economics, 1, 1-156.

Fama, E. F. (18), Market Efficiency, Long-Term Returns, and Behavioral Finance," Journal of Financial Economics, 4, 8-06.

Keim, D. B. and R. F. Stambaugh (184), A Further Investigation of the Weekend Effect in Stock Returns, Journal of Finance, , 81-85.

Schwert G. W. (00), Financial Research and Policy Working Paper No. FR 0-1 Basu, S. (18) The Relationship between Earnings Yield, Market Value and Return for NYSE Common Stocks Further Evidence, Journal of Financial Economics, 1, 1-156.

Reinganum, M. R. (18), The Anomalous Stock Market Behavior of Small Firms in January Empirical Tests for Tax-Loss Selling Effects, Journal of Financial Economics, 1, 8-104.

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Double Consciousness

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Americanization of Migrants and Immigrants

American history can be viewed through many eyes, each offering a diverse analysis of Americanization. I have found W.E.B. Du Bois's concept of double consciousness applies to both foreign born immigrants and black migrants. By examining "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" by W.E.B. Du Bois and historical writings concerning Chinese immigration I will investigate the forces which have shaped the double consciousness of both black migrants and Chinese immigrants. I will also look at how these groups perceived themselves and the American Democratic liberal society.

Double consciousness as described by W.E.B. Du Bois describes a tension within oneself, with a valued allegiance to the world of their family and traditions, but also looking at themselves and their world through the eyes of the dominant culture. "The Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with a second-sight in this American world, - a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world" (Du Bois, ). Many African Americans have been denied what Du Bois describes a "true consciousness". An identity crisis forms causing the individual to distinguish what it means to be an American and also what it means to be a Negro. American culture has made it very difficult for these two identities to coincide. Being a Negro was to be marked within society which separated this group from the white Anglo Saxon Protestants. The WASP population was essential viewed as the true Americans. The disheartening history of slavery and segregation has been a major factor in the evolution of theory of double consciousness.

Along with black migrants, Chinese immigrants also have a history which forms a similar feeling of double consciousness. The early Chinese came to the United States for many of the same reasons that European immigrants were flocking to the land of opportunity. For many years famine and poverty plagued China and offered little economic opportunity. With the building of the transcontinental railroad and the California gold rush the United States had much to offer the Chinese. The Chinese arrived in Angel Island in California and began the search for work. During the boom years in the mid 1800's there was great deal of work for the Chinese and they were welcomed into California. Americans eagerly welcomed the hands of the laborers, but not their presence. There was a great deal of segregation of the Chinese into china towns. When the economic conditions in the United States deteriorated the discrimination of the Chinese increased. While this entire time the Chinese where in exploring a new identity, they were torn between their Chinese values and customs and the new American customs.

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Double consciousness is not a natural occurrence, but forms within a culture that allows inequality. There are many forces that shape double consciousness of both black migrants and Chinese immigrants. Racial discrimination was a major force in the formation of the dual identities. Jim Crow Laws which enforced the decision of separate but equal essentially showed that you could not be both an American and a Negro. The Laws showed on paper that there were two groups and there was a distinct line that separated them. Not only was there separation, black migrants were not given the same rights as the white population. The Chinese were also the target of racial discrimination. One of the first major acts of discrimination was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 188. "The coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, … suspended; during such suspension it should not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come" (The Chinese Exclusion Act, 55). This act suspended the entry of Chinese immigrants to the United States. The many laws that fueled discrimination ofblack migrants and Chinese have been major forces that have helped deny these groups "true consciousness", as well as preventing them from being full citizens.

Unlike most European immigrants, Chinese immigrants and black migrants have found it difficult to assimilate. Black migrants should have been completely assimilated long ago, but there is a force that has prevented them from doing so. Skin color is a distinct marking that separates these groups from the "unmarked" WASP population. Robert S. Bourne shares his feelings on immigration in his writing "Trans-National America", "it neglects to take into account this strong and virile insistence that American shall be what the immigrant will have a hand in making it, and not what the ruling class, descendant of those British stocks which were the first permanent immigrants, decide what America shall be made" (Bourne, 86). Bourne shares the feeling that no group should be marked un-American because they are not of the Anglo-Saxon population. Every individual that makes up this nation was once an immigrant, excluding Native Americans. There is no reason that Americanization should follow the rules set by the first British immigrants.

The forces that have brought this sense of double consciousness to come into play have had a large impact on how the Chinese and African Americans view themselves and the American Democratic liberal society. First, we must examine what it means to be an American. To sum it up, the Bill of Rights describes what you are entitled to as an American. African Americans and Chinese have not been fully given these rights in the past. The discrimination and stereotyping that has been affecting these two groups has brought about negative perceptions. If society views these groups in a disapproving way, the effect will be a negative self perception, leading to low self esteem as well as have major effects on their physical and mental well being. Along with their individual perceptions, their view on American is one in which is negative as well. If they are separated by tension between their ancestry and being American they cannot fully support the culture that divides them.

The United States is a nation of immigrants, founded on the statement, "all men shall be created equal", (Declaration of Independence). This has not always been true. Throughout history many immigrant groups as well as black migrants have faced discrimination and inequality. There is tension that has formed a negative cloud covering this nation. Until all individuals that reside in the United States are viewed with the same respect and equality, double consciousness will continue to burden many Americans.

Please note that this sample paper on Double Consciousness is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Double Consciousness, we are here to assist you.Your cheap research paperson Double Consciousness will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Feminist Art in a Patriarchal Society

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FEMINIST ART IN A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY

Femininity, masculinity and, indeed, queer theory have, for years, been based on the essentialist binary opposites of male and female inherent in modernism. In today's 'Postmodernist' world these gender definitions are increasingly under attack by feminist theory, gay studies and queer theory. Women are confronting issues of gendered oppression, men are confronting issues of sexism and homophobia, everyone is searching for 'self'.

It is my intention in this essay to concentrate on feminist art, in particular, the art of Judy Chicago and Annie Sprinkle.

Feminist thinking today is influenced by the theories of postmodernism, in particular, that of the rejection of a social structure based on bi-polar gender stereotypes rooted in biology with a strong leaning towards patriarchy.

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It must be understood that feminism is not one thing; it's a catch-all description of a range of issues, theories and behavioural patterns. Feminism is also split into two main camps The radical/political which claims equal rights with men on the basis that women are equal and can do anything men can do, given the chance, and a kind of spiritual/earth mother approach which claims that women are different from, and better than, men because they are life givers and in touch with the natural.

There have always been independent feminists as far back as the 6th century where Sappho wrote lesbian poetry, but the main problem for feminists in art was that the art world was massively dominated by men. Indeed, it must be remembered that for much of the last century the most influential guides for art theorists were; Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud, all born in the 1th Century and all with 1th century attitudes towards women.

Jacques Lacan once said of women

The place assigned women is one absence, of 'otherness.' Lacking the penis, which signifies phallic power in patriarchal society and provides a speaking position for the male child, woman also lacks access to the symbolic order that structures language and meaning. The role of women is to be spoken at rather than to speak.'

With male attitudes like this it was a long, hard climb for women to be accepted as artists, or feminist artists.

'From its beginnings, feminist art confronted inherent contradictions. Feminists of colour, and lesbian feminists challenged attempts to identify an inclusive "female imagery" or female experience, arguing that such attempts collapsed female identity into a universalised category that was, in reality, heterosexual and white, not to mention middle class.'

It is the intention of the two artists that I have chosen to alter this anomaly and to give women their rightful place in the art world, that is, on equal terms with men.

Annie Sprinkle Ph.D. is a prostitute/porn star turned performance artist/ sexologist. For the last thirty years she has explored every kind of sexual form, producing films, photography, sexual workshops and college lectures. She obtained her Ph.D. in Human Sexuality in San Francisco in this year and won the Firecracker Alternative Book Award this year for her book, Hardcore from the Heart; The Pleasures, Profits and Politics of Sex in Performance.

Her art includes a touring performance whereby she shows her cervix to members of the audience with the use of a speculum and a torch. She has now designed a cervix web site so that more people than ever can view her cervix, something she calls the doorway to life itself.

In the film 'Sluts and Goddesses' Sprinkle takes the audience on a tour of sexuality, introducing female masturbation, female ejaculation and a female orgasm that is charted and graphed for it's intensity that lasts for five minutes and ten seconds. She acts as host for 7 'sexual facilitators' who are transformed into sacred prostitutes with the aid of make up, masks, wigs, body jewellery, body piercing, new names, sexual exercises and sex.

In her touring show, 'Post-Porn Modernist' she traces her own evolution from a shy, introverted Ellen Steinberg through porn star, prostitute and sexual adventurer to Anya, sex educator, holistic healer and Aids awareness spokesperson.

In her film 'Deep Inside Annie Sprinkle' there is a scene where Annie fingers a man's anus whist describing to the camera what she is doing. This could be argued to represent subverting the 'normal' heterosexual idea of the male being the penetrator in sex and claiming a woman's equality by role reversal.

'It is possible to see this as simple table turning; the objectified woman fragments and objectifies the male body in turn. But perhaps more challenging to the conventional porno form is the fact that Annie maintains the first person address to a hypothetical client, speaking to the camera and thus raising new questions about the gendered nature of her address.'

The danger of pornography as art is in the fact that it begs the question, 'is this art confronting male society with it's feminism or is it just further degrading women?

'Her work engages multiple discourses form pornography, feminism, art, spirituality, sex education, advertising, political activism, performance art, body play and the self-help health, prostitutes rights and safe sex movements.'

As feminism must be an ever-expanding discourse that responds to critical self-reflection and continuing political debate then it can be argued that Annie Sprinkle blurs boundaries of art and pornography, seduces deconstruction, reverses traditional subject/object viewing positions, demystifies sexiness and challenges the hegemonic categories of heterosexual males.

Judy Chicago uses feminist art in a totally different way to Annie Sprinkle. She is probably the foremost feminist artist in the world today producing a prodigious amount of work most of which is controversial and challenging to the male dominated industry.

Chicago is a foremost exponent of feminism in the world today, she taught at the first ever feminist art course at Freshno State College back as long ago as 171. She is an artist, feminist, educator and intellectual and is teaching at Indiana University where she received a Presidential Appointment in Art and Gender Studies.

Chicago, like Sprinkle, is not afraid to use the imagery of woman's sexual organs in her work, but whereas Sprinkle sees this as a demystifying of the sex of woman, Chicago sees it more as a challenge to subvert the patriarchal obsession with phallic forms and has developed an art using 'active vaginal forms.' A central core imagery using many layers producing what some critics called 'literal vagina depictions' rather than metaphoric celebrations of female power. In fact British feminists Griselda Pollock and Roszika Parker argued

'The iconography of Judy Chicago's Dinner Party, specifically for its vaginal imagery is retrograde because it sets itself up for exploration It is easily retrieved and co-opted by a male culture because it does not rupture radically meanings and connotations of women in art as body, as sexual, as nature, as object for male possession.'

Her 'Red Flag', a photographic representation of a woman removing a bloody tampon was the first work of art to show this commonplace, although controversial, event in women's lives. Chicago was amazed to find that many people did not know what the red object was; some thought it a bloody penis, showing how unwilling many women, and men, are to look at personal, but everyday functions, or in her own words, 'a testament to the damage done to our perceptual powers by the absence of images of female reality.'

Probably her most famous, and notorious, piece of work is 'The Dinner Party,' a monumental testament to women's historical and cultural contributions. It is a work of art, triangular in configuration, 48 feet on each side combining ceramics, china painting and needlework. An immense table covered with fine white cloths and set withplace settings, thirteen on each side, commemorating a goddess, a historic personage or an important woman. On the porcelain surfaced confined with the boundaries of the triangular table the names ofother women from history are inscribed.

One of the criticisms aim at this work was the use of needlework, china painting and such which some critics viewed as 'craft' not art. In her defence Chicago claims that women have traditionally used such techniques to achieve their art, with sewing, piercing, hooking, cutting, appliquing and the like, activities also engaged in by men but assigned in history to women.

'Chicago's work is sometimes criticized as being inherently kitsch, an accusation that springs largely from her use of decorative elements, which are an anathema to modernist critical doctrine. In fact, she employs these supposedly kitsch elements for complex reasons. Like Jeff Koons, she manipulates our feelings about demotic artefacts. In addition, and far more often, she uses imagery that may be thought of as kitsch simply because they are appropriate-the most direct way of saying what she wants to say. If she has a grievance against what she thinks of as 'masculinist' art, it is to be found in its denial of basic human emotions.'

This piece of art has engendered probably more responses than any other piece of work in feminist history, as many against it as for it. It has been criticised as smacking of Renaissance workshops where one master artist and countless anonymous helpers produce the art. Chicago counters this by listing all the names of the helpers at the entrance to the gallery.

What most clearly distinguishes The Dinner Party from other postmodernist, feminist works is the visionary element, and it is this that it's detractors, both antifeminist and feminist, find offensive. 'How dare a woman try to set society to rights? How dare she claim that she knows truths that we don't? How dare she be so insistent about her right to tell them? These are hanging-or burning-offences well beyond the boundaries of the art world.'

In conclusion, although some feminists define pornography as the graphic sexual explicit subordination of women in which women are dehumanised sexual objects it can be argued that Annie Sprinkle, with her postmodernist art, not only attempts to break down barriers among people but also challenges the boundaries, both assumed and arbitrary, between pornography, art and everyday experience. She amplifies woman's insistence on defining their own normal social and sexual categories refusing to absorb into models of heterosexuality.

Judy Chicago uses her art in an attempt to re-write art history, to counter the objectification of woman and her aim appears to use the power of art as a vehicle for intellectual transformation and social change.

It could be argued that today, postmodernist issues have usurped the feminists standpoint and that everyone is searching for 'self', not just women, but the reality is that society is still dominated by men and the need for feminist artists like Sprinkle and Chicago is paramount if feminist art is to stand equally alongside that of the masculine.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chadwick, Whitney (16) Women, Art And Society, Thames and Hudson, London

Jones, Amelia (16) Sexual Politics, University of California, Los Angeles

Gibson, P & R (14) Dirty Looks, Women, Pornography and Power, British Film Institute, London

Lucie-Smith, Edward (000) Judy Chicago. An American Vision, Ivy Press, New York

http//www.gatesofheck.com/annie/index.html

http//www.sexuality.org/l/art/asart.html

http//www.chelseaforum.com/speakers/Chicago.htm

http//www.chelseaforum.com/speakers/Chicago.htm

http//www.nottingham.ac.uk/film/journal/bookrev/feminism-femininity.htm

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