July 23, 2021

Diseases

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As with other diseases throughout much of history, such as the Bubonic plague in the fourteenth century and the cholera outbreaks in the nineteenth century, a stigma has been attached to AIDS. Like AIDS itself, the AIDS stigma is a global problem, existing in communities with different social, traditional and religious beliefs. Attaching a stigma to AIDS has been primarily the result of both fear surrounding contagion and preexisting prejudice against the social groups most seriously affected by the epidemic.


Concern about contagion does not only exist in the physical realm, but also extends and deepens the fear that one will be socially or morally tainted by interacting with a stigmatized individual. People tend to socialize less with people who are known to have AIDS, or those that are known to have contracted the virus through their irresponsible immoral behaviour.


Negative attitudes have also been manifested in people's behaviours. AIDS discrimination in the employment, housing, school policies and services such as health and life insurance has been widespread. From the police officers wearing elbow length rubber gloves when dealing with activists at the Third International AIDS Conference in Washington D.C. and health workers sliding trays of food into the doorways of AIDS patients are clear indications of negative attitudes to people with AIDS. Employers have also refused to provide insurance coverage for employers with AIDS. Employers are beginning to rethink the benefits they pay when employees get sick or die in service. Many companies and organization are increasingly hiring staff on casual or rolling short-term contracts, thus escaping the need to pay disability, death or other benefits. Above all, people with AIDS, have experienced unwarranted demotions, dismissals and harassment in the workplace. The Terrence Higgins Trust reported the case of Mark Headley who disclosed his HIV positive status to his employers, a major supermarket chain. He was subsequently asked to leave his job because it was felt that his condition would cause offence to other staff and customers.


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Property owners have refused to rent their properties to people with AODS and in some cases evicted them on baseless and flimsy reasons. Parents with AIDS have had to confront legal battles concerning child custodial and visitation rights. Family bonds have been fractured when members fall victims to the deadly disease.


The reason for the intensity of the AIDS-related stigma in the developed world does not solely rest on the fears of contagion and disease. Fundamentally, the AIDS epidemic in the US has primarily occurred in the marginalized groups such as homosexuals and drug users who share the same paraphernalia. Many people view this as an avoidable and self-inflicting tragedy and therefore less sympathy is shown to these groups. As a result, the stigma attached to AIDS also serves as a means for expressing preexisting hostilities toward members of disliked social groups. These members have to bear the burden of societal hostility at a time when they desperately need its support.


People with AIDS are usually shunned by the society and they eventually withdraw from normal societal life, to live the life of an outcast. In England and some European countries such as Germany and France, people with AODS, once they begin to develop noticeable frightening symptoms, sell their estate and withdraw from societal life to live in homes specially built for them. They often lose contact with the outside world.


In the developing world in general and in Africa in particular, people's responses have been sympathetic to people with AIDS. This is because most of the people with AIDS are the young generation, who had the disease passed to them from their parents at birth. Unlike in the developed world, having AIDS is seen as unavoidable and a tragedy of society as a whole. The other reason is that much of Africa's communities have been keptclose together by strong bonds and ties of the extended families and strong cultural traditions. So strong are some of these traditions that one cannot distinguish the difference between cousins and brothers, sisters and nieces. AIDS has struck so hard in some African countries that orphanage centers have sprung up everywhere to cater for the children who have lost their parents.


In South Africa which is probably the hardest hit, and Zimbabwe, which has seen a lot of family disintergration, AIDS has become a catalyst in many communities rallying people to fight both the disease and the societal ills that intensified their struggle. The need to share, help and cater for the victims has spread amongst communities like wild-fire and there has also been an increased passion and willingness to spread the awareness. A notable example of people coming together is the case of South African twelve-year old Nkosi Johnson. Nkosi gave a speech at the AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, that shamed and inspired a lot people. When he was finally laid to rest, over a thousand people attended his funeral, including the wife of the president of South Africa.


Critical to awareness is challenging the stigmas that take away the dignity of people. Stigma prevents us from comforting those who need it most. People are living in mental anguish, alone with HIV and in fear of being discovered. . Others have retreated hopelessly to their homes to die of opportunistic diseases that can be cured. By learning more about HIV/AIDS, families can love, understand and accept, making all the difference to a person with AIDS. On the other hand, victims of AIDS should not succumb to the pressures of stigmatization. They should rise above everything else, as they are the true and living icons of the scourge. No matter how someone gets HIV, support and acceptance is important to a person living with AIDS. As in the words of Nkosi to the delegates, You cant get Aids by hugging, kissing, holding hands. We are normal human beings, we can walk, we can talk, stigma and prejudice are making us inhuman.


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July 22, 2021

The GReat Gatsby The American Dream

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In Pursuit of the American Dream


Love was money was a main theme in the novel The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald there is an evident dream that even money cannot buy. This becomes reality to a character in the novel The Great Gatsby. Webster defines the American Dream as "an American social ideal that stresses egalitarianism and especially material prosperity." This was evident in the novel because The American dream meant that one had lots of money, a large house, and beautiful wife. The main theme of the book was about Gatsby and the American Dream. The American Dream is what was supposed to give happiness to ones life. While Gatsby strives to make his dream become a reality he soon realizes that money is only a small portion of this dream.


Firstly, a considerable amount of the American Dream is having wealth. Jay Gatsby believes he can buy happiness as shown threw his house, clothes, and Daisy. Jay Gatsby, formerly James Gatz, was raised on a farm in North Dakota. He was raised in a family who didn't have an excess of money. "His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people - his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all."(Fitzgerald ). This was showing that Gatsby tried to block out the past and tried to forget where he came from. "The truth was that Jay Gatsby of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was son of God- a phrase which, if it means anything, means just that-and he must be about his fathers business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would like to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end." (104). He made himself up. It was in a curious way he never believed he was James Gatz, He had the ideal image of him self hand he knew who he



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wanted to be, Jay Gatsby. He was only what he told people. This gave him power and more of an opportunity of finally becoming apart of the American Dream. Gatsby looked toward the American Dream as a way into wealth he would soon realize that money does not give one love and happiness. James Gatz soon met a man named Dan Cody and who would teach Gatsby what he needed to be successful. Although, "it was from Cody that he inherited moneya legacy of twenty-five thousand dollars. He didn't get it. He never understood the legal device that was used against him." (107). Gatsby didn't work hard enough to get this money that was left to him in a legacy. In his pursuit of an American Dream this is an undefined circumstance that was never answered throughout the book. After Cody died "[Gatsby} was left with his singularly appropriate education" (107) which was given to him by Cody. With his experience and knowledge learned on Cody's boat he was left with knowing "the vague contour of Jay Gatsby had filled out to the substantiality of a man. This is what Gatsby had needed in his Quest for the American Dream.


Secondly, The American Dream included having a large, extravagant house. This was also a part of the dream Gatsby had fulfilled. Although his house was on East Egg, where the rented there houses as opposed to buying them. Gatsby's house seems to be a waste for only one person living in it. It seemed like it was just built to satisfy the party goers. Gatsby's house seemed to be "a factual imitation of some Hotel de Ville in Normandy, with a tower on one side, spawning new under a thin beard of raw ivy, and a marble swimming pool and more than 40 acres of lawn and garden" (). Gatsby had an unbelievable house yet it seemed that Gatsby derived no pleasure or satisfaction from his belongings. It was also made clear throughout the novel that Gatsby's house was placed strategically across the bay from Daisy's house. One night,


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Gatsby was looking at Daisy's house and he told her If it wasnt for the mist we could see your home across the bay....You alwayshave a green light that burns all night at the end of your dock." (4).This explains how at times things get in the way of Gatsby getting what he wanted to fulfill the American Dream. There was always something that he didn't have. Gatsby started to realize later in his life that [Gatsby] wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy. His life had been confused and disordered since then, but if he could once return to a certain starting place and go over it all slowly, he could find out what that thing was. (111-11). He began to start realizing that Daisy was in a relationship, not with Love, but with other more materialistic items. Gatsbys wonder when he first picked out the green light at the end of Daisys dock....his dream must have seemed so close that he could hardly fail to grasp it. He did not know that it was already behind him.(18). Their possibility for their love would never come because you can not go back into the past. That is why in the novel that mansion of Gatsby's seems so symbolic because it is a possession that he bought with the money that he earned for Daisy and this house was meant to impress her.


Thirdly, The American Dream included a beautiful wife and Gatsby knew exactly who he wanted for this. He strived to get all the things that Daisy went to Tom for in hopes of getting her back. He wanted to return to life five years ago. "[Gatsby doesn't] think [Daisy] ever loved him" (15). This is what Gatsby was hoping for that if he could provide Love and Wealth maybe she would want him. Gatsby was stuck thinking that you can always go back into time but Nick was going to try to make it evident that he couldn't. Nick knew that you" 'Can't repeat the past?' … yet Gatsby was stuck in this mind set and he thought '…of course you can!'"(116) Gatsby loved everything about Daisy, he said that "Her voice was full of money" (17). He loved everything



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about her and wanted her for himself, she was another material that Gatsby could have, the last on in the quest for the American Dream. Gatsby has this one memory of him and Daisy sharing a kiss. It began on " ... One autumn night, five years before, they had been walking down the street when the leaves were falling, and they came to a place where there were no trees and the sidewalk was white with moon light. They stopped here and turned toward each other. Now it was a cool night with that mysterious excitement in it which comes at the two changes of the year. The quiet lights in the houses were humming out into the darkness and there was a stir and bustle among the stars. Out of the corner of his eye Gatsby saw that the locks of the sidewalks really formed a ladder and mounted to a secret place above the trees -- he could climb to it, if he climbed alone, and once there he could suck on the pap of life, gulp down the incomparable milk of wonder. His heart beat faster and faster as Daisys white face came up to his own. He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his unutterable visions to her perishable breath, his mind would never romp again like the mind of God. So he waited, listening for a moment longer to the tuning-fork that had been struck upon a star. Then he kissed her." (117). This is one of Gatsby's most memorable moments that he shared with Daisy. It was amemory that he would hold on to forever. "[Gatsby] was clutching at some last hope and [Nick] couldn't bear to shake him free" (155). Gatsby was holding on to moments and memories of the past hoping that relieving them through his mind that they would do the same in life. In the end it was becoming more apparent that Gatsby was giving up on his dream, "I have an idea that Gatsby himself didn't believe [the phone call from Daisy] would come and perhaps he no longer cared.If that was true he must have felt that he had lost the old warm world, paid a high price for living too long with a single dream.He must have looked up at an unfamiliar sky through frightening



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leaves and shivered as he found what a grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight was upon the scarcely created grass.A new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like air, drifted fortuitously about...like that ashen, fantastic figure gliding toward him through the amorphous trees" (16). This was said right before Gatsby was killed and it was almost inevitable that if he couldn't have Daisy life wasn't worth living. Gatsby was left with one portion of his dream unconquered and that was having daisy. This shows that wealth couldn't buy happiness and that the American Dream isn't true unless all of it is fulfilled.


In Conclusion, The Great Gatsby was a novel based on the American Dream. During the 10's in America there was an ideal how to live life and what to have in it. Gatsby's and America's Dream included having an excess of money, an extravagant house, and a beautiful wife whom you could share your entire life with. The American Dream was intended to give happiness to ones life. This didn't happen for Gatsby. He was so close to having it all. He only needed one more thing and that was daisy. This goal was one that was never obtained and never will be. It was becoming evident to Gatsby throughout the novel that money was only a small part of this dream and that the power of love and beauty was so much of it. Gatsby was left with an unfulfilled dream and had lived and died for the woman he couldn't have.


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July 14, 2021

Report of ceasar

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Conflicts In The Story Julius Caesar


Have you ever read the story of Julius Caesar? It s such a good book, and the conflicts in it are awesome. This plot involves struggles from all places, particularly those of Brutus, Cassius, and Caesar.


Cassius is one of the more involved characters in this story and with that comes most of the conflicts. Several of these conflicts stem from personal grudges against Caesar. An example of that would be when Cassius says "I know where I wear this dagger than". This is can be noticed early in Act One, where he tells to Brutus that he once saved Caesar's life and does not like being treated as someone dumber now that Caesar has lots of power. In the beginning of the story there is a lotof jealously and resentment towards Caesar and him abusing his power.The thought of a man being crowned as an King threatens Cassius and Brutus, along with many others. A good example of an internal conflict is when the problem is not directly against any person or thing but instead is within the men's own minds- controlled by fear and pride. These same emotions also change Cassius to try and convince Brutus that he should control Rome with Caesar for their own well being, as well as fixing the government.Another conflict is brought up now and it is whether they should remove Caesar by killing him or asking him to step down. A lot of Cassius's conflicts involve more than one thing, for example, this internal struggle is again between the mind of the men, as a person versus self conflict.But, it is also a person versus person conflict, as well as a person versus group conflict.These men notice themselves against Caesar, who they see as a major problem, even though they were good friends one time.They also are facing the Roman government, which seems to be set on crowning him king even though he doesn't want to and has turned it down about three times. As with many problems in the story and in life in general, there are many blurred areas between the conflicts.The main issue at hand lies within the men challenging themselves to decide if it is right to kill a friend for the sake of good, even though Caesar's power scares people.Brutus doesn't want to, but their only remains two men.The omens Cassius sees can be seen as a person versus self struggle because the problem is in his head, and it is up to him to decide what those omens mean.These omens that Cassius sees and interprets cause more problems later in the story.


Brutus is linked to Cassius in some plot conflicts, and as a result they often have the same problems.Though Brutus says he's friends of Caesar, over time he is influenced and manipulated by Cassius.A person versus person conflict is created by that, without Brutus even noticing. All the while he believes that his problem sits with Caesar, and even though most it does, he doesn't notice another conflict with Cassius and his personal plan for Caesar's destruction.His inner struggles are shown more by his troubles at sleeping at night. One of the easier examples of a person versus person problem is the scene where Brutus helps to murder Julius Caesar.This is a result of many of the conflicts, between Brutus and Cassius the same, coming to an end in one violent act.There are fewer simpler examples of conflict is shown when a man has to kill another man. This is a person versus person conflict, but it is also is a person versus group matter.Brutus thinks that by killing Caesar, he is saving the Roman republic. An example of Brutus thinking that he will save the people of Rome is by him insulting Caesar. From a certain point of view, Brutus is taking on the entire system that he sees as having gone. The irony of Brutus attempting to solve this conflict is that it creates a new one.When he finally decides to take his own life, Brutus is facing his final conflict- against himself.He says in his last words that he was more set on killing himself than Caesar, which explains that his internal conflicts caused him much more sadness and sorrow than the external ones.This is a good example of the way Shakespeare uses conflict to create great plots and a great story overall.


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Even though most people in the story have conflicts based around or involving Julius Caesar, the man has conflicts of his own. Caesar has a big conflict with Cassius early on in the story, when he realizes that Cassius is hungry for power and may do anything to get it, even if it means killing him.This is another example of person versus person. This eventually turns into something deeper and more intense as the story goes on. Caesar also has a big conflict going on with himself throughout the entire play.It is the same problem that the others have with him, but it is brought up differently and affects both himself and the others in different ways.The problem is Caesar's cockiness. Not in the traditional sense ofperson versus self, it is still a conflict in the way that even though he doesn't notice it, he is slowly becoming an enemy of himself.His lack of personal judgment causes Caesar to become snotty and careless, which in the end lets everyone else take care of the problem for him.This goes to show that a conflict can be there without people even knowing it is there, and just because things may seem okay doesn't mean that they are.


The story would not be what it is without the stabbing ofCaesar to death. This is the largest person versus group, in a very violent way.This conflict stands for all the forces finally rising up to the powerful threat.With one action, the big issue has been solved.Another bit of irony is that by killing this leader, they have cleared the way for Rome to crumble and fall to the nothing it is today..


If you really wanted to learn about conflicts between characters, Julius Caesar is an excellent story to study. Three characters dealt with conflicts of all kinds and changed the world as we know it. With all of these these conflicts, William Shakespeare has truly done something that will be remembered by everyone..


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July 7, 2021

Moving throught the line

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The United States is one of the few places in the world that people constantly wants to go to. It's a place of endless possibilities and a future that looks bright. This "future" is constantly reeling in more and more people into its warm welcoming arms. And then one day we're moving to the United States. We're leaving everything behind. For the future…


I am a Filipino. I have lived in the Philippines all my life. My two younger brothers, my younger sister, and myself have always been there. We lived at the city of Manila, the national capital. And that's were I have spent the previous 0 years of my life before moving in here.


I always knew we're going to end up in the United States. It was a day I always knew was coming, it was just the question, "When are we going to leave?"


I remember the day vividly. It was the afternoon of September , 001, a few days after the World Trade Center bombing. A lot of people were still glued to their cable TV's watching CNN and waiting for the newest developments on the tragedy. The mood was still sad and gloomy but things have to be done. Help with essay on Moving throught the line


I was helping my dad finish up the boxes, I was holding the end of the duct tape and he was rolling it on the box. It was sealed tight but I didn't see the logic in it 'cause I knew the taped is going to be ripped at the airport because of the tighter security. My dad knew this but he still had the tape as tight as he can on the boxes. He had his big arms stretching the tape and gently laying it on top of the box, sealing it tight.


It was now time to go to the airport. One by one, we loaded our bags and boxes into the two vans my Uncle Ben owned. It felt like a long walk to the parking lot. Almost every neighbor was out and watching. Some of them just stood there and some of my "barkada" (close friends) are helping us load the boxes. It was a sad moment, but it has to be done. After all the boxes were loaded, I gave my friends a hug each. Each hug was really heartfelt. I don't know when I'm going to see them again, so spent a few more minutes with them. We exchanged jokes, taps on the back, and the like. I also gave them all of my Philippine Peso that I had, I figured they're going to buy some booze with it later. Tonight, they're going to be drunk and happy…


Then we hopped into the van, all of us know that it's time to leave. Three of my cousins, my nephew, Uncle Ben, his wife, and one of his helpers came with us to the airport. This was hard, emotionally hard. When I last looked at our cousin's face, I saw the sadness in their eyes. They knew that we would probably each other again but it's going to be along time before that happens.


The trip to the airport seems to be longer than usual. Traffic was not worse but it still held us for a few minutes. The "jeepneys" (public passenger vehicles) came down the road with their exhaust roaring loud saying, "I'm the king of the streets!" The buses were congesting the highways but its better that being in a jeepney, they have air conditioning. In times like this, time seems to be so slow, to slow


We arrived at Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The planes ruled this place. The roar of their engine can be heard a couple of miles away. A plane or two keeps on passing overhead. Countless man and women were pulling their carts to the checking-in area. People were hugging other man or women. I didn't want to see this because I know I'm also going to do it later.


We fall in line and wait for our turn to check-in. I stand in line wondering if all these people around me were feeling the same way that I do, sad. Then it's our turn. The airport employee had the sweet smile on her face, the sweet smile that's in contrast with what I'm feeling. I gave her my passport and plane ticket. She kindly handed it back to me and said, "Have a nice flight."


We went to the lobby. At the lobby, there were my cousins, my uncle, and my aunt. They were eating Chips Ahoy and sipping orange juice. They were seated in a large circular table that could accommodate eight persons. We approached them and said our last goodbyes. I gave each one of them a hug and the sincerest smile that I could give. I'm really going to miss them and all the things that I did with these persons.


After giving them the hugs, we went in to the boarding area. An airport employee guided us to where our plane is. It was a long walk towards the plane. The walkway was a little bit inclined so it took more effort to walk. I walk first in front of my sibling, my mom and my grandmother. I walk casually and look at the planes in the hangar. They all look so big, big and mighty. They had the words "Philippine Airlines" painted in its body in wonderful colors. I'm going to board one of this planes, I can't wait to be in them.


When we boarded the plane, I felt a bit relaxed. My legs felt a bit wobbly from the inclined walking. I took a seat beside the window. We were in the economy class so every seat was the same as everyone else. The seat was comfortable. I settled in my seat and opened the window cover to see what was outside. Small truck-like vehicles were dragging planes and a person with two glow sticks was guiding a plane that had just landed. My brother sat beside me and he seemed relax too. We talked about our flight and how it's going to be.


The pilot introduced himself and gave us information about the flight. "We are going to arrive at Los Angeles International airport at approximately thirteen hours…" the pilot said. The seatbelt light was on and I put on my seatbelts. This was it, we were leaving. The plane's engine was revved up and we slowly approached the runway. The plane slowly gathered speed and ran through the runway. Only the pilots knew how fast we were going. When the speed was right, our plane took off. We were now airborne, like birds in flight.


In mid flight I closed my eyes, I try to be happy and think of all the possibilities of leaving Philippines and moving to the United States. We left our home to a new home. We left, for the future…


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July 6, 2021

OB Model

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Abstract


In light of recent transgressions by our company, it is clear that our working model has not upheld the continuing success that our company has been known for in the past.We must develop a new system for our company to deal with issues on all levels from the employees, managers, and the entire organization as a whole in order to return us to prosperity.


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To begin looking at ways to improve our company in the face of the changing world, we must first look at the nature of our company.A company is not a living thing; yet, it is made up of living people.Our employees, at all levels, are not just vital cogs making our company function, but they are emotional beings.What they do effects what the company does, and in effect what the company does effects the employees.


A thought that was proposed to help us understand why our company has been failing is to look at the "behavior" of our company.Our organization will only be as effective as the employees.Our employees all have differing characteristics such as ethnicity, emotions, needs, wants, goals, expertise, knowledge and personality.All of these fuel different behaviors in different people.By better understanding the behaviors of our employees we can build a better foundation for the future prosperity of our company.


After looking at the needs of our employees, we must also look at our management philosophy.It has become increasingly clear that our managers need to learn more interpersonal skills to be able to communicate with the employees in their groups."Managers get things done through other people.They make decisions, allocate resources, and direct the activities of others to attain goals.Managers do their work in an organization.This is a consciously coordinated social unit, composed of two or more people, that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals." (Robbins, pg. 5)


We will now look at variables that can help us to explain and predict outcomes for the situation our company is in.These can give us a sense of cause and effect.We know that we are losing ground in our markets to new competition from foreign companies.We must look at ourselves and determine what we can do to improve ourselves.It is a circle where the individual is responsible for causing a decline in our companies standing, but it is also the company itself that has led to this degradation of our workers and their workflow.Everything filters down to the individual employee, and their reactions.This model should address the problems we are seeing with out employees and thus lead to a more stable building block from which we can repair the company as a whole.


In our model, there are five types of dependent variables absenteeism, productivity, job satisfaction, turnover, and organization citizenship.We will define and address the three major variables that are affecting our company's productivity at this time and we will use them to help predict possible outcomes for our company.It is known that for one variable to occur, others must also take effect, and be affected.When one variable is thrown out of kilter, then other variables will also be affected.


Productivity


Our main concern as a company is our productivity."Productivity has been generally defined as a ratio of a measure of output to a measure of some or all of the resources used to produce this output" (http//www.accel-team.com/productivity).For a long time, we were the leaders in our field of production, but as is often the case, when nothing seems to be going wrong, we did not invest time and resources to improve our systems.As increasing competition has cut into our markets our profit has suffered.We did not spend the money to revamp our factories, and now our machinery is increasingly out of date.For our company to regain its foothold in the market, we need to look at the different levels of our model (individual, group and organization) for where we went wrong, and how we can improve.


We need to look not at just efficiency, but the effectiveness of our work force and management."Effectiveness brings a qualitative dimension to the measurement of productivity" (http//www.accel-team.com/productivity).We need to look at ways to improve the productivity of our workers on different levels.Its one thing to educate and train them to handle new tasks, but we must also have management in place that can relate to the workers.We are all striving for the same goal, and there should not be tension between a manager and his group of employees.Our managers also need to be trained with the knowledge of the work being done under them.Communications are a key element whether it is in passing along new techniques, or information pertinent to one's job.


Human relations are important to the development and long-term sustainability of organizations.The improvement of relations between all levels of the company is a key factor to improving the productivity of our organization.Merely aiming for higher production will not always succeed, but combining that with the satisfaction of the worker in his personal relationships, work relationships, and surrounding environment, then can we expect to see higher output.


Two of the other dependent variables we will look at are direct examples of a workforce that is not happy and focused on what they are producing.And from them, we can see causes for decreased productivity.


Absenteeism


"Absenteeism is the failure to report to work.Its annual cost has been estimated at over $40 billion for U.S. organizations" (Rhodes, S.R. 4,, pg.05-50).Employees of course cannot be expected to be at work every workday of the year.Absenteeism is one of the biggest problems we face when dealing with our workforce.When our staff is not at its complete contingent, it is hard for us to achieve maximum productivity.Managers must find replacement workers to fill certain spots, and time must be taken to train the replacements.The replacements cannot achieve the same productivity in one day as a fully trained regular worker."Absenteeism can be considerably more than a disruption; it can result in a drastic reduction in quality of output, and, in some cases, it can bring about a complete shutdown of the production facility" (Robbins, pg. ).


We have always planned for a certain percentage of absenteeism, as people will get sick, etc.It is not always a bad thing for someone to be absent from work as their weakened state may lead to poor decisions, or other dangerous situations.We do however encourage our employees to be at work regularly.We have seen increases in absenteeism as our production has slowed recently.This seems to suggest that while production can be hampered by absenteeism, absenteeism can also be a product of the state of the company.


It is suggested that employees, when they are not happy, will find more excused to skip work.If they feel productivity is down, and there is less need to work so hard, they are apt to take that sick day, whereas when there is a better feeling in the company that we are moving at a full head of steam, they will not let something minor deter them from working.


Again, by coming back to the issued relating to work environment, we can see that happier as well as smarter workers are better workers.Having a sense of pride in the company will instill more loyalty in the worker.However, going hand in hand with absenteeism is the inevitable turnover rate.


Turnover


Turnover is the voluntary or involuntary withdrawal of an employee from our company.Voluntary turnover is difficult to eliminate, while involuntary turnover of course comes from us.A high turnover rate means increased costs to the company.We need to allocate money for recruiting new workers, training new workers, as well as any compensations due depending on the reasons for termination.Until a position is filled, we are also faced with costs arising from overtime for the people covering the workload, as well as a decrease in productivity as resources are spread thinner.


As the general morale of the company has been lowering, we tend to see an increase in the lack of job satisfaction by employees.We also see a loss of profit from the decreased production and loss of sales due to competition.If we cannot compete with another company's offerings of salary and benefits, then people are likely to leave looking for greener pastures.


Not all turnover is bad of course as we are happy to see inadequate workers leave thus allowing us to bring in better trained and educated personnel.Bringing in new employees can lead to the influx of new ideas, as well as increase the motivation and morale of existing employees.


In closing, we can see that two factors that have led to a decline in production are absenteeism/turnover, and a general lowering of company morale.We can also see that the lowering of our production has a direct effect on our employee's morale, which in turn created more absenteeism.We need to address the environment within our company as the foundation of our company rests on having not just the machinery to produce, and well trained and managed workers, but happy workers.


References


Employee Motivation, the Organizational Environment and Productivity, retrieved


from http//www.accel-team.com/productivity September 1, 00


Rhodes, S. R. and R. M. Steers, Managing Employee Absenteeism (Reading, MA


Addison-Wesley, 10). For a full review of the direct and indirect costs of absenteeism, see D. A. Harrison and J. J. Martocchio, "Time for Absenteeism A 0-Year Review of Origins, Offshoots, and Out-comes," Journal of Management, Vol. 4, No. , 18, pp. 0550.


Robbins, S.P. Organizational Behavior. (th Ed.). (001).New Jersey Prentice Hall


Please note that this sample paper on OB Model is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on OB Model, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom research papers on OB Model will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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June 29, 2021

In conclusion, it can be argued that Harwood shows changes in lives both in terms of the situations in which she places the speakers and other central individuals in her poems, and also in the symbols and images she uses to reveal and emphasise their expe

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Gwen Harwood's poetry show's change in self through a particular situation, and is enhanced by symbols and images. In her three poems 'In the Park', 'Prize Giving' and 'The Glass Jar', Harwood places the central individual in circumstances that amount to change. These circumstances act as a catalyst for the change in self that occurs. Harwood also adopts the use of symbols and imagery to reveal and emphasise the experiences of the individuals. This, paired with the use of several poetic techniques allows for change in self to occur.


Harwood's 'In the Park' outlines a particular incident in a woman's life and is complemented by the use of symbols and images. In the poem the woman is in the park with her three children when she encounters an ex-lover. This ex-lover is a symbol of the woman's past and can be seen through the interest and vibrancy of the conversation that takes place. 'It's so sweet / to hear their chatter, I watch them grow and thrive'. This light positive manner contrasts greatly with the thoughts of the woman in her present situation. Short sentences as well as content reveal this cynical, negative attitude. "From his neat head unquestionably rises / a small balloon…'But for the grace of God…'" The symbol of the man representing the woman's past allows for contrast and reveals the change that has taken place since the woman has given birth to her children.


A second change is portrayed in the poem and is a result of the situation the woman is put in. Her life is somewhat drab and dull and can be seen with Harwood's assonance of the 'I' sound in the first stanza, 'whine and bicker, tug her skirt'. The woman, obviously embarrassed by the situation, 'too late to feign indifference to that casual nod', is forced into circumstances where she must face her reality. She is confronted by her ex-lover and is made to recognise and come to the fact that she is no longer the centre of her life, her children are. She also comes to the conclusion that her children have engulfed her life, 'they have eaten me alive'. It is only when the woman is placed in this situation that she can have this realisation and be forced to change.


Harwood's poem 'Prize Giving' illustrates change in self through placing Professor Eisenbart in a confronting situation. This incident is enhanced through the symbols and images used to emphasise and reveal change. In the first three stanza's Harwood presents the responder with a proud, arrogant old man. Harwood does not only do this through the content of her poem, but also through word choice, alliteration and contrast. Harwood's choice of the word "insect" in the line, 'whirred with an insect nervousness' shows the insignificance and inferiority of the school students. This consequently shows the Professor to be important and superior. As well as supporting this image, the following quote, 'head in humbler black flapped round and steered / her guest, superb silk and fur, with pride" also demonstrates how Harwood has used alliteration to give the Professor a sense of dominance. The alliteration of the 'h' sound when describing the headmistress, Harwood creates a softer, less distinguished description of what proves to be an inferior individual. Harwood's description of the Professor evokes a more obvious, distinguished sense with the alliteration of the 's' sound. This alliteration allows for a contrast to be made and consequently shows Professor Eisenbart to be clearly superior. This early image of Eisenbart allows for a greater scope of change and reveals and emphasizes the change that takes place.


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The situation in which Harwood places Eisenbart in the poem 'Prize Giving', allows for change in self to occur. Eisenbarts initial aloof attitude, when he 'rudely declined' the invitation, is challenged by the girl with the titian hair. This is illustrated when the girl is mocking Professor Eisenbart's pose, 'her hand bent / under her chin in mockery of his own'. Following this the Professor dutifully congratulates the girl by shaking her hand and receives a "voltage fling". It is at this moment that the Professor is forced to deal with the challenge that the girl is issuing. From this moment the Professor become reserved and is replaced in the spotlight, both literally and symbolically, by the girl while she is playing Mozart. It is at this point that Professor Eisenbart's dominant position in the proceedings is subdued and he is forced to personally change as a result. The Professor final point of change occurs however at the conclusion of the performance, when it appears that he has been upstaged by the girl. Professor Eisenbart realizes this and this is symbolically shown when he 'peered into a trophy which suspended / his image upside down a sage fool trapped / by music in a copper net of hair.' it is this image of the Professor being trapped and changed in the girls glory and victory that forces the Professor to change from arrogant and egotistical to reserved and inferior. This change in self is a distinct result of the situation in which Harwood places Professor Eisenbart and is enhanced and uncovered through images and symbols.


In 'The Glass Jar' Harwood again presents a change in self through the images and symbol that reveal and emphasise a situation. In the poem the young boy is seen as a symbol of innocence, purity and naivety. This symbol is shown by Harwood through rhyme, alliteration and narrative. The a, b, b, a, c, c pattern which the poem follows initially produces a light enthusiastic atmosphere associated with youth and vibrancy. Alliteration in the first stanza has the same effect with the repetition of the 'd' and 'b' sounds in the line 'in dream of darkness from his passion fled, / this host, this pulse of light beside his bed.' this quote also demonstrates the narrative nature of the poem that is associated with simplified children's stories, emphasizing the symbol of innocence and purity. Similarly these techniques emphasise the symbol of hope in the poem, being light. The light in the jar was hope for the boy and it 'stood / ready to bless, to exorcise, / monsters', as with 'Prize Giving' the development of these symbols and images allows for greater scope of change in self as well as revealing and emphasizing the changes that take place.


After revealing that there is no light in the jar, Harwood exposes the child to a situation where he is forced to change. Harwood places the boy in a situation where he needs comforting, however he is reluctant to seek this from his parents. 'Through the dark house he ran, sobbing his loss / to the last clearing he dared not cross'. Despite this the boy enters the room where he is confronted by the image of his parents having sex. Feeling betrayed by his 'comforter' mother, the boy is forced to deal with this new knowledge himself. Through this the boy not only changes in terms of acquiring knowledge, but also in his ability to deal with a situation by himself. It is through this situation that Harwood places the young boy in, that he can have a significant change in self that is emphasized and revealed through images and symbols.


Gwen Harwood's poems 'In the Park', 'Prize Giving' and 'The Glass Jar' all use symbols and images to reveal and emphasise the change in self that occurs within the individual. Harwood successfully does this through using a variety of poetic techniques. The construction of a confronting conversation in which the central individual's have to deal with, is the main catalyst for change in self in Gwen Harwood's poetry.


Please note that this sample paper on In conclusion, it can be argued that Harwood shows changes in lives both in terms of the situations in which she places the speakers and other central individuals in her poems, and also in the symbols and images she uses to reveal and emphasise their expe is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on In conclusion, it can be argued that Harwood shows changes in lives both in terms of the situations in which she places the speakers and other central individuals in her poems, and also in the symbols and images she uses to reveal and emphasise their expe, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon In conclusion, it can be argued that Harwood shows changes in lives both in terms of the situations in which she places the speakers and other central individuals in her poems, and also in the symbols and images she uses to reveal and emphasise their expe will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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June 28, 2021

In the words of Christopher Marlowe

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"So he surrenders up to him his soul,


So he will spare him four and twenty years"


(Marlowe, Act 1 Scene , lines 0-1)


The importance of Act 1 Sceneis to draw the audience into understanding what Faustus will do to have what he so desires from the devil.The act tells the audience about Faustus' personality; his arrogance and determination to become one with the devil.Through careful choice of words Marlowe conveys the significant aspects and effects that language has on his audience.Marlowe uses very descriptive words in the opening of the scene to describe the setting.


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"Now that the gloomy shadow of the earth,


And dims the welkin with her pitchy breath,"


(Act 1, lines 1-4)


Here, Marlowe portrays an image of the sky. He describes the constellation of Orion casting a mist or fog like illusion that Faustus is standing under, trying to summon the devil.Marlowe delivers an eerie and cold feeling of the night;


"Leaps from th'antarctic world unto the sky"


(Act 1, line )


Marlowe relates Orion to a female,


"And dims the welkin with her pitchy breath"


(Act1, line 4)


illustrating that Orion has blown her "…pitchy breath," (Act1, line 4) across the motioning, overcast sky.


"Within this circle in Jehovah's name,"


(Act1, line 8)


Marlowe uses this line in particular to reflect on the safety of Faustus with in the circle he has created; knowing he is safe from what lays outside of it.Once more, Marlowe is adding to the image of the setting.Marlowe also sets an image of Faustus' character for the audience.Throughout the scene Faustus represents a very selfish and arrogant man.


"How pliant is this Mephastophilis!…


Such is the force of magic and my spells!"


(Act1, lines -1)


Marlowe leads the audience to believe that Faustus is trying to determine how obedient and respectful Mephasopilis will be as one of his 'servants'.Although Marlowe uses very explanatory words to help the audience understand Faustus as a character and the power he wishes to obtain, Marlowe also uses a different language that Faustus uses to conjure his spell.Marlowe uses this language as an effect, to show felling in Faustus' voice when he emphasizes the spell.


"Sint mihi dei…surgat nobis dicatus Mephasophilis!"


(Act 1, lines 16-)


Referring to the translation quoted in the footnotes, Faustus uses many Christian words to summon the devil.Marlowe demonstrates a form of imagery as well as irony, when Faustus chants his spell.Marlowe tries to set the image of Faustus standing in "Jehovah's" safe circle under a dark stormy night, hands in the air reciting his spell with enthusiasm in his voice.


However, the irony; Faustus speaks many holy words to call upon the devil. He is standing in Jehovah's circle, almost as if as this point Faustus still has faith in his Christian side.Faustus still feels a sense of security from God.


"Thou art too ugly to attend on me;


Go, and return an old Franciscan friar


That holy shape becomes a devil best."


(Act 1, lines 4-6)


Faustus uses the Franciscan friar to insult the devil.Marlowe chooses to use the word "…ugly…" (Act 1, line 4), to represent power, the power that the devil has over Faustus.Faustus does not like the way the devil appears to him, the devil comes across as a threat to Faustus.Faustus demands the devil to reappear as a Franciscans friar so that Faustus can present what his request is to the devil as an equal or someone lower than him, not a threat.


Marlowe uses the comparison of the Franciscan friar to show the audience that Faustus has a sense of bitterness towards his Christian side.Faustus feels that he was betrayed in a sense, by his Christian side.Faustus was a Christian man, the Franciscan friar resembles that and Faustus feels he will "… become a devil best."(Act1 line 6).He compares himself to becoming a devil.


Marlowe through out this act reminds us that Faustus wants to have power and dominance over man, although while Mephastophilis and Faustus converse the audience may interpret Faustus to be a follower.He seems to be following in Lucifer's once holy and now evil foot steps.


Mephastophilis recites


"O Faustus, leave these frivolous demands,


Which strike a terror to my fainting soul."


(Act 1, lines 81-8)


Faustus answers


"Learn tho of Faustus manly fortitude


And scorn those joys thou never shalt posses."


(Act 1, lines 85-86)


Here Mephastophilis is giving Faustus a chance to reconsider his decision.But Faustus makes it clear that he knows what he is doing.


Marlowe sets a serious tone during Act 1 Scene , it is important for the audience to grasp the content and the effects of what is happening for the rest of the play.Marlowe also uses humor to lighten the serious tone, for example


"Did he not charge thee to appear to me?"


"No, I came now hither of my own accord."


(Act 1, lines4-44)


Faustus assumes he conjured up the spirit, when I fact that is not the case at all.Faustus' arrogance shows though a bit here, he brushes off the idea that he did not summon the spirit and continues on with his conversation.


Marlowe uses various words to help Faustus as a character to express feeling and to emphasize his point.


Marlowe conveys the hierarchy of the devil with the words he chooses to use to describe him, for instance; "…Belzebub."(Act 1 line 57), and Faustus refers to the devil as Lucifer, the way a Christian man refers to Satan.Marlowe uses the words to express the authoritativeness of the devil.


"Now that I have obtain'd what I so desire,


I'll live in speculation of this art


Till Mephastophilis return again."


(Act 1, lines 11-114)


Faustus assumes that he has received what he wants and is going to live this way until he hears otherwise.These are some of the aspects of language that Marlowe uses to help the audience gain the most from his language and his play.


Please note that this sample paper on In the words of Christopher Marlowe is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on In the words of Christopher Marlowe, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paper on In the words of Christopher Marlowe will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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June 24, 2021

Affect of ancient embalming practices on us today

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Ancient Civilizations


The beginnings of the art and techniques of embalming are associated principally with ancient Egypt, where, as in parts of Asia and South America, a dry soil and climate encouraged its development. The early practice of wrapping the dead in cloth and burying them in charcoal and sand beyond the reach of the Nile waters preserved the corpses, which retained form and features for a long period. "Those naturally preserved mummies are believed to have influenced the religious doctrines because they seemed to prove that the individual existed after his death."(1)


A belief in immortality and physical resurrection was central to Egyptian religion, both to the sun worship of early periods and to the later cult of Osiris. Central to the latter was the belief that when all of the elements that were present in life-soul, name, shadow, heart, and body- were reunited, the person would be resurrected, as the god Osiris was after his brother killed and dismembered him.


The body had to be attractive enough to lure back the soul and other elements. Highly skilled and trained embalmers took great care to preserve it. "Although it is held that embalming skill reached a peak during the New Kingdom


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period between 178 and 110 BC, the most detailed description of the various methods was given by the 5th century BC Greek historian Herodottus."() The most elaborate method, at first reserved for the royal dead, involved surgical procedures. The brain, intestines, and other vital organs were removed, washed in palm wine, and placed in canopic jars. The body cavities were filled with powder of myrrh and other aromatic resins and perfumes. The incisions were stitched, and the body was placed in nitre for 70 days, after which it was washed, wrapped in cotton bandages, dipped in a gummy substance, and finally confined and entombed.


A number of early peoples also practiced embalming of a sophisticated nature. There is evidence of a high degree of embalming skill in the burial chambers of the prehistoric Paraca Indians of Peru. The Guanches. aborigines of the Canary Islands, used methods much like those if the Egyptians, removing the viscera and filling the cavity with salt and vegetable powders. The Jivaro tribes of Ecuador and Peru took the additional precaution of ensuring the immortality of their chiefs by roasting their embalmed bodies over very low fires. In Tibet some bodies are still embalmed according to an ancient formula the corpse is put in a large box and packed in salt for about three months, after which it is in mummified condition.()


The ancient Babylonians, Sumerians, and Greeks didn't practice any but the most superficial kind of embalming, anointing the body with unguents, perfumes, and spices. "The Jews did not use embalming procedures either. Among the ancients who profoundly influenced Western culture only the Romans employed cavity embalming, not for religious reasons but for the temporary preservation of bodies exhibited for some time before burial."(4) Although there is evidence that some early Christians were embalmed, generally they rejected embalming as well as cremation, considering them pagan customs that mutilated the corpse. Such scruples were


--


sometimes overcome by the desire to have an outstanding person linger on, a desire that was reinforced by the belief that the bodies of some of the devout were kept intact after death as a mark of divine favour.


During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance a good amount of embalming was done by specialists who employed the elaborate Egyptian method. For its return from France to England, the body of the 1th-century English king Henry I was embalmed and eviscerated and the cavities stuffed with medicinal herbs. Also, during the Middle Ages, embalming was such an expensive procedure that even the most royal personages could not afford it. It was unaffordable because of the use of costly things such as spices, unguents, wax, and wrappings in addition to the prices charged by skilled embalmers. "Also, religious opposition was so strong and skill so limited, few would really consider it. Instead they used cereclothes, strips of fabric impregnated with wax and wrapped snugly around the body to exclude air."(5)


Embalming by arterial injection as a mortuary practice is considered to have begun in England in the 18th century. The demand for embalming few in England as well as in the United States. It was promoted in the US by a newly emerging group of undertaker-businessmen as superior to the customary but awkward and often unsatisfactory method of preserving bodies for transportation or for viewing by


packaging them in ice or laying them on "cooling boards".


"The US Civil War became the turning point in breaking down public resistance to "mutilating" the body and establishing arterial embalming as a common


-4-


practice in the United States."(6) Although the government had established national ceremonies for the war dead, it freely awarded contracts to undertakers and embalmers to prepare bodies of soldiers for shipment home.


In the modern procedure of embalming, the blood is drained from one of the veins and replaced by a fluid. Cavity fluid is removed with a long hollow needle called a trocar and replaced with preservative.


Embalming has become a standard practice in North America as a result of the government support is has received, and is mandatory when bodies are being transported by the common carrier.


It is evident that the Ancient Egyptians influenced other cultures with their embalming process. It was an extremely important part of Ancient Egyptians steps towards the afterlife, and now it is important to people in the present to preserve their loved ones. The process of embalming has evolved and improved throughout the centuries.


Please note that this sample paper on affect of ancient embalming practices on us today is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on affect of ancient embalming practices on us today, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon affect of ancient embalming practices on us today will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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June 17, 2021

Kingship

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Shakespeares Macbeth



Kingship



The Elizabethans viewed their monarch as being the most important individual in the realm.They regarded him as being Gods appointed representative on earth and therefore any attack on him was viewed as being, not only treason, but sacrilege.


Subsequent to the murder of Duncan we watch Scotland hurtle out of control under the usurper and tyrant, Macbeth. The sacred temple has been violated and chaos reigns in the kingdom.The very violence, which had been used to protect Duncan from inside rebels and outside threats, had now been turned against him.His greatest, bravest general, whom he had recently honoured, was his serpent or the canker in the body politic.


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What had corrupted the worthy Macbeth?


Why had Duncan not learned from his previous errors of judgement?


Macbeth clearly had always been ambitious.He now knew he had it within his power to seize the throne.His wife was equally ambitious and power hungry.


Duncan, like many humans repeats his mistake.He lacks discernment and caution. He is gracious and eager to reward his patriotic general.He does not suspect Macbeth or his hospitable wife.He walks unsuspectingly into Macbeths castle where a web of deceit is woven around him and he is lulled into a false sense of security.


What qualities does a monarch or strong leader require?


vision


courage


discernment


people management skills


astuteness


caution


sense of justice


an appreciation of the responsibility he carries


integrity


firmness


motivational skills


Does Duncan have all these qualities?


What is he lacking in?


Does Macbeth have all these attributes?


What is he lacking in?


A tyrant does not respect the rights of individuals.He rules by threat and by inspiring fear.He intimidates and causes mistrust even among former friends. He will protect his own interests at all costs and his actions are not grounded in morality.He is capable of monstrous acts and will quell all criticism or even suspected criticism with violence or the threat of it.He cannot be reasoned or negotiated with.


When a king is a tyrant the realm is in particular difficulty.


This is why Macduff has gone to seek outside assistance in purgingScotland of this usurper. Macduff pays a very high price for this act of patriotic duty.We must then analyse Malcolms suitability for kingship. He certainly has demonstrated caution in quickly and quietly fleeing the hazards he faced in Scotland.He is also very cautious when Macduff entreats him to return.Will Scotland be blessed with a leader who leads in a way God would expect?


Year 1 English Literature


MacbethShakespeare


Macduff's visit to the English Court


Answer the following questions.


1. Why did Macduff make his journey to England?


. What did he tell Malcolm about the current state of Scotland's affairs?


. Malcolm explains why he is unwilling to trust anyone who comes as a messenger from Scotland.Why is he so cautious? (Ls.-17)


4. What does Macduff say in his own defence in Line 18?


5. Malcolm challenges Macduff about why he left his--------- and--------- and claims that he must put his own--------- first. (Ls.5-1)


6. Macduff is offended and disconcerted by Malcolm's suspicions, claiming he would not be the villain Malcolm thinks he is for all of---------. (Ls. 6-7)


7. Malcolm asserts that his return to Scotland would be well greeted but that when he would have the tyrant removed Scotland would be worse off. Why? (Ls.4-4)


8. How would his (Malcolm's) vices make Macbeth appear?


. Write out Macduff's assessment of Macbeth in (Ls. 56-58).


10. Write out six comments Malcolm made about Macbeth in Ls. 57-60.


11. When Malcolm says he is voluptuous and therefore unsuited to kingship, how does Macduff respond?


1. What is the next weakness Malcolm confesses to and how does Macduff respond?


1. List 'the king becoming graces' as Malcolm defines them.


14. Write out Malcolm's most 'unkingly' statement from Lines 7-100.


15. When Malcolm asks if such an individual is fit to govern what is Macduff's reply?


16. Macduff is deeply shocked and disillusioned by Malcolm's confession.What does he remind Malcolm of concerning his parents?


17. When Macduff declares his intention to leave what does Malcolm admit he has been doing?


18. What conclusion has Malcolm drawn from Macduff's disappointment in him?


1. What do we learn about the English king?


0. Why do you think Shakespeare gave us these details?


1. Write out Ross' comment on Scotland in Ls. 165-167.


. What is Ross reluctant to tell Macduff?


.Explain the dramatic irony at this point.


4. What is the good news for Scotland?


5. What is the counterbalancing bad news for Macduff?


6. Write out Ross' account of the slaughter at Fife.


7. Explain how Macduff responded to the news.


8. What impression do we form of Malcolm in the closing speech of this scene?


Year 1 English Assignment


MacbethWilliam Shakespeare


Media TextRoman Polanski's 'Macbeth'


Choose one of the following titles and present a carefully considered written response on it.


1. Write a review of Polanski's Macbeth. In your response your may wish to refer to some of the following


· How powerful or engaging you found the production.


· The issues the film deals with; lust for power, superstition, patriotism, kingship, moral responsibility, masculinity, relationships, supernatural powers, soldiership etc.


· How the production traces Macbeth's tragic fall.


· The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.


· The portrayal of the witches.


· The murders and their consequences.


· Lady Macbeth's insanity and its causes.


· The scenes you found most engaging or moving.


· Music, lighting, special effects, voice-overs, violence.


· Scenes which you feel worked better on film than on stage or vice/versa.


· Setting.


· Employment of weather to create atmosphere.


· Anything else you feel is worthy of comment.


. Select two scenes which you feel were especially powerful.Why did you find them so engaging?


. Select two scenes which you feel worked better on film than they could on stage.Why do you feel film was a more suitable medium for their exploration?


4. Select two /three ways in whichPolanski's Macbeth deviated from the original text. Why do you think Polanski interpreted the text in this way and how did you respond to this analysis?


5. How did Polanski interpret the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth?Do you think he remained faithful to Shakespeare's analysis of the relationship?


6. Was Polanski's production of Macbeth excessively violent?


7. Write an essay on Polanski's portrayal of the witches in his film Macbeth.


Shakespeare's 'Macbeth'


Complete the following questions on 'Macbeth'


1. Where did the events of the play take place?


. When was the play written?


. Who is the main character in the play?


4. What was the king's name?


5. What did the play begin with?


6. Name the two generals who fought bravely for the king.


7. Who did the meet on their way back from the battle?


8. What predictions did they make to (a) Macbeth and (b) Banquo?


. What new title was Macbeth given after his brave performance on the battlefield?


10. What did his wife want for him?


11. Why was this important to her?


1. What did they have to do to achieve this goal?


1. Name Duncan's sons.


14. What is the word you have learnt which means murder of a king?


15. What do you think was the weakness in Duncan as a king?


16. After Macbeth was crowned who were his next two targets and why?


17.Who did Macbeth make another visit to?


18.What lessons can be learnt from Macbeth's life story?


Year 1 English


Answer all the following questions on 'Macbeth'


1. Macbeth was brave, ---------- and ---------- soldier at the beginning of the play.


. He was a loyal -------------- to his king.


. His meeting with the witches brought out two weaknesses which were in his character. What were they?


4. The witches told him he would gain two titles. What were they?


5. Who was the rightful heir to the throne?


6. Where did Duncan's two sons go directly after their father's murder?


7. Shakespeare's fellow English men and women were known as the Elizabethans. How important was the king to them.


8. What did they believe would happen if an act of regicide were to be carried out?


. Macbeth fell from a loyal subject to a hated tyrant?


10. What do we call a dramatic fall like this?


11. What is a tyrant?


1. What in your opinion were the worst deeds Macbeth carried out?


1. Do you think Lady Macbeth influenced her husband? How?


14. Why did Lady Macbeth not kill Duncan herself?


15. What happened to her in the end?


16. Who finally killed Macbeth?


Useful vocabulary for your assignment on 'Macbeth'


Allies


Ambition


Ambitious


Apparition


Banquet


Banquo


Barbaric


Betray


Bitter


Castle


Cave


Chaos


Character


Conspiracy


Coronation


Corrupt


Country


Cruel


Dagger


Donaldbain


Downfall


Elizabethans


Events


Evil


Fleance


Future


General


Gentle


Ghost


Greedy


Guards


Guest


Heir


Hideous


Honest


Honour


Horrific


Husband


Insane


Judgement


King


Kingdom


Kinsman


Loyal


Macduff


Malcolm


Manipulative


Manipulator


Menacing


Messenger


Monarch


Murdered


Murderer


Normal


Plot


Power


Regicide


Regret


Reign


Revenge


Ruthless


Sacrilege


Savage


Scheming


Scotland


Sincere


Situated


Status


Subject


Superstition


Superstitious


Temple


Throne


Tragedy


Tragic


Traitor


Tyrannical


Tyrant


Usurp


Usurper


Vision


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June 15, 2021

What is strategy?

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Having defined positioning, we can now begin to answer the question, What is strategy? Strategy is the creation of a unique and valuable position, involving a different set of activities. If there were only one ideal position, there would be no need for strategy. Companies would face a simple imperative-win the race to discover and preempt it. The essence of strategic positioning is to choose activities that are different from rivals. If the same set of activities were best to produce all varieties, meet all needs, and access all customers, companies could easily shift among them and operational effectiveness would determine performance.


Sustainable Competitive Advantage


h Unique competitive position for the company


h Activities tailored to strategy


h Clear trade-offs and choices vis-a-vis competitors


h Competitive advantage arises from fit across activities


h Sustainability comes from the activity system, not the parts


h Operational effectiveness a given


The question of value


To begin evaluating the competitive implications of a firms resources and capabilities, managers must first answer the question of value Do a firms resources and capabilities add value by enabling it to exploit opportunities and/or neutralize threats?


The answer to this question, for some firms, has been yes. Sony, for example, has a great deal of experience in designing, manufacturing, and selling miniaturized electronic technology. Sony has used these resources to exploit numerous market opportunities, including portable tape players, portable disc players, portable televisions, and easy-to-hold 8mm video cameras. M has used its skills and experience in substrates, coatings, and adhesives, along with an organizational culture that rewards risk taking and creativity, to exploit numerous market opportunities in office products, including invisible tape and Post-It(TM) Notes. Sonys and Ms resources--including their specific technological skills and their creative organizational cultures--made it possible for these firms to respond to, and even create, new environmental opportunities.


Although a firms resources and capabilities may have added value in the past, changes in customer tastes, industry structure, or technology can render them less valuable in the future. General Electrics capabilities in transistor manufacturing became much less valuable when semiconductors were invented. American Airlines skills in managing their relationship with the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) became much less valuable after airline deregulation


rareness


That a firms resources and capabilities are valuable is an important first consideration in understanding internal sources of competitive advantage. However, if a particular resource and capability is controlled by numerous competing firms, then that resource is unlikely to be a source of competitive advantage for any one of them. Instead, valuable but common (i.e., not rare) resources and capabilities are sources of competitive parity. For managers evaluating the competitive implications of their resources and capabilities, these observations lead to the second critical issue How many competing firms already possess these valuable resources and capabilities?


Consider, for example, two firms competing in the global communications and computing industries NEC and AT&T. Both these firms are developing many of the same capabilities that are likely to be needed in these industries over the next decade. These capabilities are clearly valuable, although--since at least these two firms, and maybe others, are developing them--they may not be rare. If they are not rare, they cannot--by themselves--be sources of competitive advantage for either NEC or AT&T. If either of these firms is to gain competitive advantages, they must exploit resources and capabilities that are different from the communication and computing skills they are both cited as developing. This may be part of the reason why AT&T recently restructured its telecommunications and computer businesses into separate firms.(n)


While resources and capabilities must be rare among competing firms in order to be a source of competitive advantage, this does not mean that common, but valuable, resources are not important. Indeed, such resources and capabilities may be essential for a firms survival


imitability


A firm that possesses valuable and rare resources and capabilities can gain, at least, a temporary competitive advantage. If, in addition, competing firms face a cost disadvantage in imitating these resources and capabilities, firms with these special abilities can obtain a sustained competitive advantage. These observations lead to the question of imitability Do firms without a resource or capability face a cost disadvantage in obtaining it compared to firms that already possess it?


Obviously, imitation is critical to understanding the ability of resources and capabilities to generate sustained competitive advantages. Imitation can occur in at least two ways duplication and substitution. Duplication occurs when an imitating firm builds the same kinds of resources as the firm it is imitating. If one firm has a competitive advantage because of its research and development skills, then a duplicating firm will try to imitate that resource by developing its own research and development skills. In addition, firms may be able to substitute some resources for other resources. If these substitute resources have the same strategic implications and are no more costly to develop, then imitation through substitution will lead to competitive parity in the long run.


So, when will firms be at a cost disadvantage in imitating anothers resources and capabilities, either through duplication or substitution? While there are numerous reasons why some of these internal attributes of firms may be costly to imitate, most of these reasons can be grouped into three categories the importance of history in creating firm resources; the importance of numerous small decisions in developing, nurturing, and exploiting resources; and the importance of socially complex resources


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June 10, 2021

Capital Punishment

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Capital Punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the severest form of


penalty for crime. The death penalty is illegal in some states. Whether or not the criminal


deserves the death penalty will be decided by a jury. To be considered for the death


penalty today, the crime must be no less severe than first degree murder which means


murder with premeditation, the suspect must be convicted of murder beyond all


reasonable doubts. Some other factors considered by the jury are the age of the victim,


the way the crime was committed, the number of victims and the history of the murderer.


There have been five methods of execution since recent history Lethal Injection,


Gas Chamber, Electric Chair, Hanging and Firing Squad. Recently, most death penalties


have been carried out by lethal injection. The process of execution is as follows. After the


execution order is received, the condemned inmate is moved into a special security area


of the prison. Based on hourly checks, the staff documents his/her behavior and brings


anything unusual to the warden's attention. The inmate receives priority visiting


privileges; no visitors are turned away without authorization of the warden. Every effort


is made to accommodate visits by the inmate's attorney including weekend or holiday


visits if necessary. Two reports are prepared within three weeks of the established


execution date. The first is 0 days before execution; the second is seven days before


execution. Each report includes Psychiatric report - Results and interpretation of


examinations, interviews and history of the inmate by three psychiatrists which will be


used to determine the inmate's sanity; Chaplain report - Comments on the inmate's


spiritual and emotional well-being; Summary of behavior - Observations noted by case


worker and custody staff; Cover letter from warden - Includes firsthand information from


interviews, observations or communication with the inmate and his/her family or friends.


Within 0 to seven days before the execution, the inmate's attorney may submit current


psychiatric information that may have a bearing on the sanity of the condemned inmate.


This information will be provided to the panel of psychiatrists to consider in completion


of the pre-execution psychiatric reports. The last 4 hours the inmate gets to enjoy his


favorite meal, watch TV or listen to the radio, then he or she will receive a new pair of


denim trousers and shoes. Just before the execution, the inmate is asked if he or she has


any last words while three syringes are prepared with lethal chemicals. The syringes


contain 5.0 grams of sodium pentothal in 0-5 cc of diluent, 50 cc of pancuronium


bromide, 50 cc of potassium chloride and are administered into the body respectively.


After the application of sodium pentothal the inmate will lose consciousness, then the


arteries will be blocked by the pancuronim bromide, and last the potassium chloride will


stop the inmate's heart. As required by law a physician is present to declare when death


occurs. The body is usually claimed by the victims family, if not, it will be taken care of


by the prison.


From 10 to 167, ,85 persons were executed under civil (nonmilitary)


jurisdiction in the United States. During this period over half of those executed were


black, 45 percent were white, and the remaining small percentage were of other racial


groups American Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino. The vast majority of those


executed were men;women were executed from 10 to 167. Three out of five


executions during that period took place in the southern U.S. The state of Georgia had the


highest number of executions during the period, totaling 66 -- more than nine percent of


the national total. Texas followed with 7 executions; New York with ; California


with ; and North Carolina with 6. Most executions (,4 of ,85) were for the


crime of murder; 455 prisoners (1%), ninety percent of them black, were executed for


rape; 70 prisoners were executed for other offenses. During the same period, the U.S.


Army (including the Air Force) executed 160 individuals, including 106 executions for


murder (including 1 involving rape), 5 for rape, and one for desertion. Private Eddie


Slovik was the first military personnel ever to be executed for desertion in 145. The U.S.


Navy has executed no one since 184. From 176, when executions were resumed, until


this year, there have been 80 executions in the US. This includes 66 during 001 and 71


in 00. About two out of three executions are conducted in only five states Texas,


Virginia, Missouri, Florida and Oklahoma. Texas leads the other states in number of


executions. In late 00, there were about ,67 prisoners sentenced to death in 7 state


death rows, and 1 being held by the U.S. government and military. About one point five


percent are women. A hundred and two have been exonerated and freed since 17,


largely after having been proven innocent by DNA evidence. In spite of the slight


increase in U.S. executions between 001 and 00, the number of new death sentences


decreased significantly.


The death penalty issue has been the focus of much controversy in recent years.


There are ample valid arguments on both the pro's and the con's side. Pros would argue


society shouldn't have to pay for the upkeep of a criminal that is deemed too risky to ever


be returned to society, the an eye for an eye principle, the only true justice for the


murders is in the form of the death penalty, FBI studies have shown that it does deter


crime. And Cons of this issue would argue many studies have shown that the death


penalty does not deter crime, the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment which


violates the 8th amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, and the


chance of error in which the victim can no longer be freed after the execution has been


carried out. This issue is still in heated debate in our society today and will be for the rest


of its existence.


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