November 30, 2020

Ben & Jerry's - Caring Capitalism

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A recent analysis has allowed us to examinethe Ben and Jerry's Corporation'soperating activities in relation to its mission statement. Ben and Jerry's mission statement incorporates product, societal and economic aspects which govern its operating activities. After careful analysis, we feel that the dilemma facing this organization is whether it can simultaneously be socially responsible and remain profitable.


Ben and Jerry's notion of "caring capitalism" attracts considerable consumer and media attention due to its uniqueness and originality. As the mission statement claims, Ben and Jerry's tries "To operate the company in a way that actively recognizes the central role that business plays in the structure of society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life of a broad community - local, national, and international." This atypical concern with societal issues illicits an emotional response from consumers to its products.


In our increasingly environmentally aware society, Ben and Jerry's offers a quality product while conveying a message that eases consumers' consciences. For example, the company promoted its involvement in the preservation of the rainforest by placing the following message on its Rainforest Crunch ice cream"Money from these nuts will help Brazilian forest peoples start a nut shelling cooperative that they own and operate."In 1, they also made consumers aware that the company would only use recycled packaging in their Peace Pops ice cream and frozen yogurt bars.


Along these same lines, 7.5% of Ben and Jerry's pretax income is donated to The Ben and Jerry Foundation, which makes awards to nonprofit and charitable organizations. Ben and Jerry's has also vowed to purchase its milk exclusively from Vermont farmers, despite the fact that the prices charged are considerably higher than average market prices. This concern for society's well-being makes Ben and Jerry's customers some of the most loyal in the industry. This loyalty to Ben and Jerry's products justifies their significantly higher prices.


Unfortunately for Ben and Jerry's, it is becoming increasingly difficult to continue using this socially conscious marketing strategy.In particular, recently imposed FDA regulations have forced the company to remove labels claiming that its products were made from "all natural" ingredients.Another hindering force in Ben and Jerry's marketing strategy is the rapid growth of its business.Increased sales have caused the company to alter its operating activities.More specifically, as sales of Rainforest Crunch expanded, Ben and Jerry's had to purchase 5% of its nuts from commercial suppliers.Previously, it had claimed to purchase all of its nuts from a cooperative operated by rainforest people in Brazil.This inability to make these socially conscious claims detracts from the corporation's original marketing image and from consumers' willingness to pay inflated prices.


An additional concern not only of Ben and Jerry's, but of the entire ice cream industry, is society's movement toward a healthier lifestyle.This is reflected in the low growth forecast for ice cream in the United States.To compensate, companies in this industry, including Ben and Jerry's, have reacted by expanding their product lines to include low fat ice cream and frozen yogurts.The low growth forecast coupled with consumers' changing tastes has created an increasingly competitive environment.Ben and Jerry's no longer holds a competitive advantage in terms of social responsibility and "all-natural" marketing.Without these critical advantages, it is plausible that consumers will respond by purchasing substitute goods.


Aside from factors influencing the entire ice cream industry, there are issues that affect Ben and Jerry's alone.Many critics have recently charged the company with unethical behavior; some even claim that Ben and Jerry's social mission is simply a gimmick.These accusations have stemmed from activities in which the company has not been completely honest with its consumers.One example of this unethical behavior is the previously mentioned Rainforest Crunch labeling issue.Another instance of questionable ethics was the "Yo, I'm your CEO" contest.The contest was unethical because consumers were falsely led to believe that they had a chance of winning the position, when in actuality a search firm was hired to find the new CEO.


After considering the various aspects affecting the Ben and Jerry's Corporation, we have compiled a list of alternatives to help it remain socially responsible and continue making profits.The first alternative is to concentrate more exclusively on the socially responsible portion of their mission statement.This assumes that Ben and Jerry's would rebuild ties with its consumers by staying true to its environmental promises.The following alternative is based on two flawed assumptions1) that Ben and Jerry's will pay exorbitant costs to produce its socially responsible product and ) that consumers will be willing to pay the resulting inflated prices.


A second alternative is to revise Ben and Jerry's product market definition by focusing exclusively on low fat and no fat products.This alternative takes into account the low overall growth forecast of ice cream and consumers' movement toward healthier lifestyles.However, this option is not feasible because Ben and Jerry's already has an extremely loyal consumer base.Any fundamental shift in product lines could mean losing this hard earned group of loyal consumers.Ultimately, the risks of redefining its operations could outweigh the benefits.


Eliminating the socially responsible mission statement as a marketing tool and focusing on producing quality products at a lower price is a third alternative.The company would also be encouraged to expand its line of healthy, lower-fat items.By choosing this option, Ben and Jerry's would no longer be tied exclusively to over-priced suppliers, and it would be able to capitalize on society's recent health surge.As a result, this will lower operating costs and raise profit margins.The lower priced, high quality products will add to its already loyal customer base.As for being socially conscious, a higher income will allow Ben and Jerry's to continue its charitable donations.This is the optimal solution because the company could increase profits, maintain its customer base, and remain true to its socially responsible tradition.


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November 25, 2020

To Kill a Mocking Bird

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Life itself has many phenomena many which are social, referring to the interaction of humans as well as status; economical, varying from one single individual to that of a society; educational, the education which is received not only from an institution by through the influence of society, and others which are laws of nature. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee uses her skill to try to explain such phenomena as the coexistence of good and evil, the education of children and deceptive appearances. Which in turn become some of the themes of the novel. Many of Lee's characters and the actions and attitudes they take perfectly exemplify such themes.


The contrast of good and evil plays a crucial part for the development of the story line, this conflict is represented through whites and blacks. Two people who represent this conflict are Bob Ewell and Tom Robinson. Whites consider Bob Ewell as "white trash" however, he sees himself above black people in the social ladder. He has many children whom he does not take care off. He is considered to be a negative character in the novel, which kills mockingbirds. On the other hand, Tom Robinson is a hard-working, good-hearted, crippled, black man, the mockingbird. At the time of the trial, he was not given a fair chance and even though the evidence clearly supported the fact that he was innocent, he was called guilty. Racial tensions between blacks and whites grew stronger and people like Jem and Scout had to take many insults by their schoolmates and neighbors. Atticus told Jem, "As you grow older, you'll see white men cheat black men everyday or your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it- whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash."


Maycomb is a classic, southern town in the 10s burdened with a legacy of racism and prejudice. Atticus and the Finch family are placed in a good social class compared to others like the Ewells or the Cunninghams. But after Atticus accepted the job of defending Tom Robinson, many people disliked this and did whatever they could to make life difficult for him and his family. Harper Lee created a balance in Maycomb's society through contrasting the negative characters, like Bob Ewell, Stephenie Crawford, with the positive characters, like Atticus and Maudie Atkinson. The negative characters claimed to know all that happened within Maycomb, not necessarily events and gossip but the way human nature worked. They thought themselves superior while hidden behind their white skin. The positive characters worked opposite to the way the negative characters did. They weren't judgmental nor racist and they protected the mockingbirds in the novel.


The idea of education in this novel does not necessarily come from what they learn in school but rather comes from what they are taught by society. At the beginning of the novel the children are still at innocent perfect, they are vulnerable to the way people around them act and to what they say. Their opinions have not been formed yet and Atticus is trying to help shape them. The children witnessed the unfairness of the trial, and lived through the institutionalized racism from the same government who judged Tom Robinson, he does not want them to be corrupted by society. Atticus served as the greatest educator for his children. One of the things he taught them was to respect and get along with the people around them, he wants to teach his children to really see people before they judge them. This is a life lesson that is being taught, it is to not be judgmental of people, Atticus tells Scout that most people are nice when you really see them, he is trying to shields her from society's cynical ways and to create faith in human kind. A valuable lesson that the children learned was why it was a sin to kill a mockingbird. Atticus told them " shoot all the bluejays you want, if you can hit 'em, but remember it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." This was a lesson in morality, something that Atticus hopped they would carry around for the rest of their lives. However, there is some kind of irony in Atticus' lesson, he is telling Jem not to kill mocking birds, when Maycob's society had already killed two, Boo and Tom. They understood the meaning of this when Miss Maudie told them "your father is right. Mockingbirds don't do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up peoples gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird." Scout was the one who matured and learned the most form the lessons taught by Atticus. Although Jem experienced first hand the injustice in the trial. "Try fighting with your head for a change" Atticus is trying to teach Scout to hold her head up high when her classmates were teasing her so that she would not turn to violence.


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"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view until you consider things form his point of view until you climb into his skin and walk around in it." Mrs. Dubose, Boo Radley, Dolphous Raymond, and even Atticus have deceived some one at some point in the novel. Mrs. Dubose deceived Jem and Scout, she appeared as a mean, old woman. But she was actually very sick and addicted to morphine. Boo Radley deceived Dill, Jem and Scout. Since they had heard so many scary stories and gossips about him, they thought he was mad man. But he was an innocent, kind-hearted person. Dolphous Raymond appeared to be a social deviant and a drunk to the whole society in general. He did this on purpose because he was unhappy with they way people discriminated each other. Atticus deceived Jem and Scout because to them, he appeared as an old, boring man. But after seeing how he handled the situation with the rabid dog, they saw how clever, skilled and courageous he was.


We can conclude that the character's actions and attitudes they take towards different situations help us understand about the life style in the south in the 10s. As we witnessed Scout and Jem's maturing through the book we also saw the lessons being taught, some regarding morality, respect, loyalty all of them being life lessons. Harper Lee presented to us a balanced society with positive and negative characters that contradict each other. The contradicted characters create a contrast between good and evil which help Harper Lee carry out the themes in this book and to symbolize a realistic society.


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November 23, 2020

Efficient market theory

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The Efficient Market Theory says that security prices correctly and almost immediately reflect all information and expectations. It says that you cannot consistently outperform the stock market due to the random nature in which information arrives and the fact that prices react and adjust almost immediately to reflect the latest information. Therefore, it assumes that at any given time, the market correctly prices all securities. The result, or so the theory advocates, is that securities cannot be overpriced or under priced for a long enough period of time to profit from them.


The Theory holds that since prices reflect all available information, and since information arrives in a random fashion, there is little to be gained by any type of analysis, whether fundamental or technical. It assumes that every piece of information has been collected and processed by thousands of investors and this information (both old and new) is correctly reflected in the price. Returns cannot be increased by studying historical data, either fundamental or technical, since past data will have no effect on future prices.


A crucial feature of the EMH is A large number of investors who follow the movements of the shares price analyse the effect and buy/sell share in a way that causes the shares price to adjust to the new information.


The implications of this are


• EM requires some minimum amount of trading.


• More trading by more investors will lead to faster price adjustment and therefore more efficiency.


• At any point in time share prices should be an unbiased reflection of all currently available information including the risk involved.


Markets can be


• Perfectly efficient one in which every securitys price equals its intrinsic value at all times


• Economically efficient Some anomalies may exist but unable to generate abnormal profits due to market imperfections such as commissions, taxes, etc.


Three levels of Market Efficiency


Weak form


• market level data


• past price or volume information


Semi-strong form


• public information


• past information


Strong form


• All public information


• all (non-public) information


Weak Form


Prices reflect all past price and volume data. Past price changes unrelated to future price changes. The implication for technical analysis, which relies on the past history of prices, is that it is of little or no value in assessing future changes in price as market adjusts or incorporates this information quickly and fully.


Semi-strong Form


Prices reflect all publicly available information and all past information. Investors cannot act on new public information after its announcement and expect to earn above-average, risk-adjusted returns. Encompasses weak form as a subset


Strong Form


Prices reflect all information, past, current and private. No group of investors should be able to earn abnormal rates of return by using publicly and privately available information. Encompasses weak and semi-strong forms as subsets.


"Anomalies are empirical results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset-pricing behaviour. They indicate either market inefficiency (profit opportunities) or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. After they are documented and analyzed in the academic literature, anomalies often seem to disappear, reverse, or attenuate. This raises the question of whether profit opportunities existed in the past, but have since been arbitraged away, or whether the anomalies were simply statistical aberrations that attracted the attention of academics and practitioners", Schwert (00).


Some of the more common anomalies are discussed below.


Quarterly Earnings Reports Study finds that if a firm experiences unexpected positive changes in earnings (0+% higher than expected) then earns positive abnormal returns for up to 6 weeks. This doesnt support EMH (prices arent adjusting rapidly). There is also some debate as to whether the abnormal returns are found to exist due to


• Inefficiencies in the market (consensus favours this option)


• Inefficiencies in event study model used to compute expected returns.


The abnormal return was related to the size of the unanticipated earnings change (called earnings surprise).


P/E Ratios and Returns General contention firms with low P/Es will outperform those with high P/Es (high growth companies are overvalued by the market and therefore have high P/Es, but low-growth firms are undervalued, leading to low P/Es). If this is really true this would go against EMH.


Studies Basu (17) divided stocks into 5 P/E classes and determined the risk/return for the portfolios. Findings


High P/E group earned %


Low P/E group earned 16% and had lower risk (based on beta) even after adjusting for size, industry effects, and infrequent trading.


The Size Effect Do larger firms (based on Market Value) perform better or worse? Findings


Small firms (over the Long run) perform better than large firms (after adjusting for risk), although this effect is not consistent over time. There are lots of arguments over the small firm effect. Small firms arent traded as frequently and therefore, daily returns arent appropriate (because the prices experience serial correlation over time and that affects results). Roll says this causes the beta (and therefore the risk) to be underestimated. Reinganum (18) redid study based on this and found out he was right, but it still didnt completely remove the small-firm effect.


The Fama (18) study finds that a companys return is dependent upon size and price-to-book value, not beta. This would suggest that the market is inefficient.


Impact of Trading Activity Look at number of analysts who follow the stock and divided intogroups (highly followed, moderately followed, neglected). Found that there was also a neglected firm effect thus individuals might do well to invest in small neglected firms. It was thought that this effect maybe explained by trading volume in that those firms that were not traded heavily were skewed in some way. If they were then this might help explain the small firm effect (because small firms generally experience a lower trading volume). But, no, there was no significant difference in returns for those firms that experience low volume versus high volume.


The January Anomaly Investors, toward December, usually sell off to take advantage of losses on stock for tax purposes. After December, they typically want to reacquire the stocks, or reinvest their proceeds from the tax sale. This implies that in November/December there will be a large supply of stocks and in January there will be a large demand for stocks. EMH supporters argue that arbitrageurs should eliminate any effect as they would buy in December and sell in January. But, in approximately 0% of the years since 16, small firms have outperformed large firms, with approx. 40% of the return being earned in January.


Keim (18) finds


• Volume for stocks that had experienced losses during the year increased in December


• Volume for stocks that had appreciated experienced low volume (therefore, didnt sell because would have had to pay capital gains).


• In January, there were significant positive abnormal returns for stocks that had experiences losses during previous year.


Keim finds that over 50% of January effect takes place within the first week of January, particularly the first day. Other researchers have found that, while it was originally thought to be a small firm effect, it was a low price effect. The January effect was also tested in Australia (tax year ends in July, not in January). The same phenomenon exists for July (thus, some explanation for the tax effect), but the effect persists in January in Australia. It also existed in Canada which didnt have a capital gains tax during the time period tested.


Other Calendar Effects The Weekend Effect On Mondays the stock market generally goes down. Further examination revealed that this was due to an adjustment the weekend effect stock prices change from Fridays close to Mondays open and otherwise Mondays returns were positive. Also, the Monday effect was positive during January but negative for all other months and the size effect only existed in January. Keim finds that small firms do tend to have an all-day Monday effect, but larger firms have a weekend effect. Also, prices tend to rise on the last trade of the day.


Despite strong evidence that the stock market is highly efficient, there have been scores of studies that have documented long-term historical anomalies in the stock market that seem to contradict the efficient market hypothesis. While the existence of these anomalies is well accepted, the question of whether investors can exploit them to earn superior returns in the future is subject to debate. Investors evaluating anomalies should keep in mind that although they have existed historically, there is no guarantee they will persist in the future. If they do persist, transactions and hidden costs may prevent out performance in the future.


Researchers that discover anomalies or styles that produce superior returns have two choicesgo public and seek recognition for discovering the technique; or use the technique to earn excess returns. Its common for money to flow into strategies that attempt to exploit anomalies and this in turn causes the anomaly to disappear. Further, even anomalies that do persist may take decades to pay off.When searching large amounts of data, correlations between variables may occur randomly and therefore may have no predictive value. Anomalies that have existed over the longest time frames and have been confirmed to exist in international markets and out of sample periods are particularly persuasive.


Despite the documentation of the numerous existing market anomalies, they are not


significant enough to completely nullify the weak form and semi-strong form EMH,


which means that most investors are still not able to consistently beat the market.


However, many well-known individual investors have claimed that they have consistently beaten the market over the last few decades. As mentioned earlier, an efficient market does not mean that inefficiencies do not exist. It simply means that such inefficiencies do not exist for a very long period of time because the market forces are quick in correcting them. In many instances, a small investor will spot an under priced or an overpriced asset, but he/she is unable to take advantage of it. The main reason is because the transaction costs far outweigh the potential profits from such inefficiencies in most instances. In general, an investor needs to invest a huge amount of money in order to profit from such inefficiencies. In addition, most individual investors would have to spend a great deal of time to research these inefficiencies if they are to exploit them.


Appendix


Basu, S. (18) The Relationship between Earnings Yield, Market Value and Return for NYSE Common Stocks Further Evidence, Journal of Financial Economics, 1, 1-156.


Fama, E. F. (18), Market Efficiency, Long-Term Returns, and Behavioral Finance," Journal of Financial Economics, 4, 8-06.


Keim, D. B. and R. F. Stambaugh (184), A Further Investigation of the Weekend Effect in Stock Returns, Journal of Finance, , 81-85.


Schwert G. W. (00), Financial Research and Policy Working Paper No. FR 0-1 Basu, S. (18) The Relationship between Earnings Yield, Market Value and Return for NYSE Common Stocks Further Evidence, Journal of Financial Economics, 1, 1-156.


Reinganum, M. R. (18), The Anomalous Stock Market Behavior of Small Firms in January Empirical Tests for Tax-Loss Selling Effects, Journal of Financial Economics, 1, 8-104.


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November 17, 2020

Double Consciousness

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Americanization of Migrants and Immigrants


American history can be viewed through many eyes, each offering a diverse analysis of Americanization. I have found W.E.B. Du Bois's concept of double consciousness applies to both foreign born immigrants and black migrants. By examining "Of Our Spiritual Strivings" by W.E.B. Du Bois and historical writings concerning Chinese immigration I will investigate the forces which have shaped the double consciousness of both black migrants and Chinese immigrants. I will also look at how these groups perceived themselves and the American Democratic liberal society.


Double consciousness as described by W.E.B. Du Bois describes a tension within oneself, with a valued allegiance to the world of their family and traditions, but also looking at themselves and their world through the eyes of the dominant culture. "The Negro is a sort of seventh son, born with a veil, and gifted with a second-sight in this American world, - a world which yields him no true self-consciousness, but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other world" (Du Bois, ). Many African Americans have been denied what Du Bois describes a "true consciousness". An identity crisis forms causing the individual to distinguish what it means to be an American and also what it means to be a Negro. American culture has made it very difficult for these two identities to coincide. Being a Negro was to be marked within society which separated this group from the white Anglo Saxon Protestants. The WASP population was essential viewed as the true Americans. The disheartening history of slavery and segregation has been a major factor in the evolution of theory of double consciousness.


Along with black migrants, Chinese immigrants also have a history which forms a similar feeling of double consciousness. The early Chinese came to the United States for many of the same reasons that European immigrants were flocking to the land of opportunity. For many years famine and poverty plagued China and offered little economic opportunity. With the building of the transcontinental railroad and the California gold rush the United States had much to offer the Chinese. The Chinese arrived in Angel Island in California and began the search for work. During the boom years in the mid 1800's there was great deal of work for the Chinese and they were welcomed into California. Americans eagerly welcomed the hands of the laborers, but not their presence. There was a great deal of segregation of the Chinese into china towns. When the economic conditions in the United States deteriorated the discrimination of the Chinese increased. While this entire time the Chinese where in exploring a new identity, they were torn between their Chinese values and customs and the new American customs.


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Double consciousness is not a natural occurrence, but forms within a culture that allows inequality. There are many forces that shape double consciousness of both black migrants and Chinese immigrants. Racial discrimination was a major force in the formation of the dual identities. Jim Crow Laws which enforced the decision of separate but equal essentially showed that you could not be both an American and a Negro. The Laws showed on paper that there were two groups and there was a distinct line that separated them. Not only was there separation, black migrants were not given the same rights as the white population. The Chinese were also the target of racial discrimination. One of the first major acts of discrimination was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 188. "The coming of Chinese laborers to the United States be, … suspended; during such suspension it should not be lawful for any Chinese laborer to come" (The Chinese Exclusion Act, 55). This act suspended the entry of Chinese immigrants to the United States. The many laws that fueled discrimination ofblack migrants and Chinese have been major forces that have helped deny these groups "true consciousness", as well as preventing them from being full citizens.


Unlike most European immigrants, Chinese immigrants and black migrants have found it difficult to assimilate. Black migrants should have been completely assimilated long ago, but there is a force that has prevented them from doing so. Skin color is a distinct marking that separates these groups from the "unmarked" WASP population. Robert S. Bourne shares his feelings on immigration in his writing "Trans-National America", "it neglects to take into account this strong and virile insistence that American shall be what the immigrant will have a hand in making it, and not what the ruling class, descendant of those British stocks which were the first permanent immigrants, decide what America shall be made" (Bourne, 86). Bourne shares the feeling that no group should be marked un-American because they are not of the Anglo-Saxon population. Every individual that makes up this nation was once an immigrant, excluding Native Americans. There is no reason that Americanization should follow the rules set by the first British immigrants.


The forces that have brought this sense of double consciousness to come into play have had a large impact on how the Chinese and African Americans view themselves and the American Democratic liberal society. First, we must examine what it means to be an American. To sum it up, the Bill of Rights describes what you are entitled to as an American. African Americans and Chinese have not been fully given these rights in the past. The discrimination and stereotyping that has been affecting these two groups has brought about negative perceptions. If society views these groups in a disapproving way, the effect will be a negative self perception, leading to low self esteem as well as have major effects on their physical and mental well being. Along with their individual perceptions, their view on American is one in which is negative as well. If they are separated by tension between their ancestry and being American they cannot fully support the culture that divides them.


The United States is a nation of immigrants, founded on the statement, "all men shall be created equal", (Declaration of Independence). This has not always been true. Throughout history many immigrant groups as well as black migrants have faced discrimination and inequality. There is tension that has formed a negative cloud covering this nation. Until all individuals that reside in the United States are viewed with the same respect and equality, double consciousness will continue to burden many Americans.


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Feminist Art in a Patriarchal Society

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FEMINIST ART IN A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY


Femininity, masculinity and, indeed, queer theory have, for years, been based on the essentialist binary opposites of male and female inherent in modernism. In today's 'Postmodernist' world these gender definitions are increasingly under attack by feminist theory, gay studies and queer theory. Women are confronting issues of gendered oppression, men are confronting issues of sexism and homophobia, everyone is searching for 'self'.


It is my intention in this essay to concentrate on feminist art, in particular, the art of Judy Chicago and Annie Sprinkle.


Feminist thinking today is influenced by the theories of postmodernism, in particular, that of the rejection of a social structure based on bi-polar gender stereotypes rooted in biology with a strong leaning towards patriarchy.


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It must be understood that feminism is not one thing; it's a catch-all description of a range of issues, theories and behavioural patterns. Feminism is also split into two main camps The radical/political which claims equal rights with men on the basis that women are equal and can do anything men can do, given the chance, and a kind of spiritual/earth mother approach which claims that women are different from, and better than, men because they are life givers and in touch with the natural.


There have always been independent feminists as far back as the 6th century where Sappho wrote lesbian poetry, but the main problem for feminists in art was that the art world was massively dominated by men. Indeed, it must be remembered that for much of the last century the most influential guides for art theorists were; Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche and Sigmund Freud, all born in the 1th Century and all with 1th century attitudes towards women.


Jacques Lacan once said of women


The place assigned women is one absence, of 'otherness.' Lacking the penis, which signifies phallic power in patriarchal society and provides a speaking position for the male child, woman also lacks access to the symbolic order that structures language and meaning. The role of women is to be spoken at rather than to speak.'


With male attitudes like this it was a long, hard climb for women to be accepted as artists, or feminist artists.


'From its beginnings, feminist art confronted inherent contradictions. Feminists of colour, and lesbian feminists challenged attempts to identify an inclusive "female imagery" or female experience, arguing that such attempts collapsed female identity into a universalised category that was, in reality, heterosexual and white, not to mention middle class.'


It is the intention of the two artists that I have chosen to alter this anomaly and to give women their rightful place in the art world, that is, on equal terms with men.


Annie Sprinkle Ph.D. is a prostitute/porn star turned performance artist/ sexologist. For the last thirty years she has explored every kind of sexual form, producing films, photography, sexual workshops and college lectures. She obtained her Ph.D. in Human Sexuality in San Francisco in this year and won the Firecracker Alternative Book Award this year for her book, Hardcore from the Heart; The Pleasures, Profits and Politics of Sex in Performance.


Her art includes a touring performance whereby she shows her cervix to members of the audience with the use of a speculum and a torch. She has now designed a cervix web site so that more people than ever can view her cervix, something she calls the doorway to life itself.


In the film 'Sluts and Goddesses' Sprinkle takes the audience on a tour of sexuality, introducing female masturbation, female ejaculation and a female orgasm that is charted and graphed for it's intensity that lasts for five minutes and ten seconds. She acts as host for 7 'sexual facilitators' who are transformed into sacred prostitutes with the aid of make up, masks, wigs, body jewellery, body piercing, new names, sexual exercises and sex.


In her touring show, 'Post-Porn Modernist' she traces her own evolution from a shy, introverted Ellen Steinberg through porn star, prostitute and sexual adventurer to Anya, sex educator, holistic healer and Aids awareness spokesperson.


In her film 'Deep Inside Annie Sprinkle' there is a scene where Annie fingers a man's anus whist describing to the camera what she is doing. This could be argued to represent subverting the 'normal' heterosexual idea of the male being the penetrator in sex and claiming a woman's equality by role reversal.


'It is possible to see this as simple table turning; the objectified woman fragments and objectifies the male body in turn. But perhaps more challenging to the conventional porno form is the fact that Annie maintains the first person address to a hypothetical client, speaking to the camera and thus raising new questions about the gendered nature of her address.'


The danger of pornography as art is in the fact that it begs the question, 'is this art confronting male society with it's feminism or is it just further degrading women?


'Her work engages multiple discourses form pornography, feminism, art, spirituality, sex education, advertising, political activism, performance art, body play and the self-help health, prostitutes rights and safe sex movements.'


As feminism must be an ever-expanding discourse that responds to critical self-reflection and continuing political debate then it can be argued that Annie Sprinkle blurs boundaries of art and pornography, seduces deconstruction, reverses traditional subject/object viewing positions, demystifies sexiness and challenges the hegemonic categories of heterosexual males.


Judy Chicago uses feminist art in a totally different way to Annie Sprinkle. She is probably the foremost feminist artist in the world today producing a prodigious amount of work most of which is controversial and challenging to the male dominated industry.


Chicago is a foremost exponent of feminism in the world today, she taught at the first ever feminist art course at Freshno State College back as long ago as 171. She is an artist, feminist, educator and intellectual and is teaching at Indiana University where she received a Presidential Appointment in Art and Gender Studies.


Chicago, like Sprinkle, is not afraid to use the imagery of woman's sexual organs in her work, but whereas Sprinkle sees this as a demystifying of the sex of woman, Chicago sees it more as a challenge to subvert the patriarchal obsession with phallic forms and has developed an art using 'active vaginal forms.' A central core imagery using many layers producing what some critics called 'literal vagina depictions' rather than metaphoric celebrations of female power. In fact British feminists Griselda Pollock and Roszika Parker argued


'The iconography of Judy Chicago's Dinner Party, specifically for its vaginal imagery is retrograde because it sets itself up for exploration It is easily retrieved and co-opted by a male culture because it does not rupture radically meanings and connotations of women in art as body, as sexual, as nature, as object for male possession.'


Her 'Red Flag', a photographic representation of a woman removing a bloody tampon was the first work of art to show this commonplace, although controversial, event in women's lives. Chicago was amazed to find that many people did not know what the red object was; some thought it a bloody penis, showing how unwilling many women, and men, are to look at personal, but everyday functions, or in her own words, 'a testament to the damage done to our perceptual powers by the absence of images of female reality.'


Probably her most famous, and notorious, piece of work is 'The Dinner Party,' a monumental testament to women's historical and cultural contributions. It is a work of art, triangular in configuration, 48 feet on each side combining ceramics, china painting and needlework. An immense table covered with fine white cloths and set withplace settings, thirteen on each side, commemorating a goddess, a historic personage or an important woman. On the porcelain surfaced confined with the boundaries of the triangular table the names ofother women from history are inscribed.


One of the criticisms aim at this work was the use of needlework, china painting and such which some critics viewed as 'craft' not art. In her defence Chicago claims that women have traditionally used such techniques to achieve their art, with sewing, piercing, hooking, cutting, appliquing and the like, activities also engaged in by men but assigned in history to women.


'Chicago's work is sometimes criticized as being inherently kitsch, an accusation that springs largely from her use of decorative elements, which are an anathema to modernist critical doctrine. In fact, she employs these supposedly kitsch elements for complex reasons. Like Jeff Koons, she manipulates our feelings about demotic artefacts. In addition, and far more often, she uses imagery that may be thought of as kitsch simply because they are appropriate-the most direct way of saying what she wants to say. If she has a grievance against what she thinks of as 'masculinist' art, it is to be found in its denial of basic human emotions.'


This piece of art has engendered probably more responses than any other piece of work in feminist history, as many against it as for it. It has been criticised as smacking of Renaissance workshops where one master artist and countless anonymous helpers produce the art. Chicago counters this by listing all the names of the helpers at the entrance to the gallery.


What most clearly distinguishes The Dinner Party from other postmodernist, feminist works is the visionary element, and it is this that it's detractors, both antifeminist and feminist, find offensive. 'How dare a woman try to set society to rights? How dare she claim that she knows truths that we don't? How dare she be so insistent about her right to tell them? These are hanging-or burning-offences well beyond the boundaries of the art world.'


In conclusion, although some feminists define pornography as the graphic sexual explicit subordination of women in which women are dehumanised sexual objects it can be argued that Annie Sprinkle, with her postmodernist art, not only attempts to break down barriers among people but also challenges the boundaries, both assumed and arbitrary, between pornography, art and everyday experience. She amplifies woman's insistence on defining their own normal social and sexual categories refusing to absorb into models of heterosexuality.


Judy Chicago uses her art in an attempt to re-write art history, to counter the objectification of woman and her aim appears to use the power of art as a vehicle for intellectual transformation and social change.


It could be argued that today, postmodernist issues have usurped the feminists standpoint and that everyone is searching for 'self', not just women, but the reality is that society is still dominated by men and the need for feminist artists like Sprinkle and Chicago is paramount if feminist art is to stand equally alongside that of the masculine.


BIBLIOGRAPHY


Chadwick, Whitney (16) Women, Art And Society, Thames and Hudson, London


Jones, Amelia (16) Sexual Politics, University of California, Los Angeles


Gibson, P & R (14) Dirty Looks, Women, Pornography and Power, British Film Institute, London


Lucie-Smith, Edward (000) Judy Chicago. An American Vision, Ivy Press, New York


http//www.gatesofheck.com/annie/index.html


http//www.sexuality.org/l/art/asart.html


http//www.chelseaforum.com/speakers/Chicago.htm


http//www.chelseaforum.com/speakers/Chicago.htm


http//www.nottingham.ac.uk/film/journal/bookrev/feminism-femininity.htm


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November 10, 2020

Ford Vs. Firestone

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Even after 88 deaths and 50 injuries attributed to defective Firestones tires, Firestone and Ford continue to point their finger at each other and refuse to be held liable. The question now is who is going to be held accountable and whether or not either company knew of the problems with the faulty tires even before it started to create this many issues. This liability issue has created one of the largest tire recalls ever and Firestone and Ford are being accused of knowing about the faulty tires.


In his article in Septembers edition of Newsweek, Kevin Naughton writes about what has become one of the biggest tire recalls ever. He tells a story about Lori Laurus who, on Labor Day 186, had her Firestone tire shred off her Ford Explorer causing her sports utility vehicle to flip. According to Naughton, Ms. Laurus is disgusted with both Firestone and Ford for not immediately looking into the defective tire issue. Along with many others, she believes that Firestone and Ford have known about these defective tires for years now.


According to Naughton, Firestone and Ford have started some damage control procedures by recalling 6.5 million defective Firestone ATX and Wilderness tires found primarily on Ford Explorers. Federal regulators suspect that these defective tires have led to deaths of 88 individuals in the US. Naughton also mentions that criminal charges are being considered against both companies in Venezuela. Regulators there accuse Firestone and Ford of a conspiracy against the users of Ford Explorers resulting in at least 46 deaths in Venezuela. According to Naughton, Ford did replace faulty Firestone tires in Venezuela months before the recall was announced in the US. His article also goes into detail about how many believe the companies have known about the faulty tires for years. Documents have been found showing reimbursement by Firestone to some consumers for the faulty ATX tires dating back to the beginning of 18. In 18, Ford noticed the peeling-tire tread problem on Ford Explore!


rs in Saudi Arabia, Asia and South America and quietly began replacing tires on almost fifty thousand foreign vehicles. It was only this past May that Ford shared this information with US regulators who now demand more documents on Fords oversea recalls.


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In a similar article in Time Magazine, Daniel Eisenberg also writes about the Firestone recall. Eisenberg tells a story about Jessica LeAnn Taylor of Mexia, Texas who died on October 18, 18 when the Ford Explorer that she was in that day rolled over because of a Firestone tire that had peeled off. Jessicas family turned to Attorney Randy Roberts to represent them in case against Firestone and Ford. According to Eisenberg, Ford has fought hard to keep its consumer complaints and lawsuits private until November , 1 when judge Sam Bournias ordered Firestone to hand over any complaints and other lawsuits, as well as employee depositions from those lawsuits, concerning its ATX and Wilderness tires nationwide.


In her article, Eisenberg presents some hard-core facts about the allegations against Firestone and Ford. According to Randy Roberts, there had been more than 1,100 incident reports and 57 lawsuits by February this year that Firestone and Ford has not disclosed. By spring of 1, Firestone has already logged 800 customer complaints of tread separation on its ATX and Wilderness tires. Congressional investigators have also connected 14 deaths in Saudi Arabia and surrounding Gulf States to some of the tires and found that Ford had been quietly replacing the defective tires in the summer of 1. Ford too may have had some fault in the design of the defective tires because it is said that Ford company engineers instead of making more substantial improvements to the SUVs stability, advised inflating the tires less than maximum level to decrease the chance of roller over. Ford recommended that the tires for their Explorers have a lower level of air pressure, 6 PSI compared wit!


h Firestones suggested 0 PSI, even though under inflated tires can in turn increase the risk of tread separation.


After further investigation, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration found that the ATX and Wilderness tires manufactured at the Firestone Decatur, Ill. Plant were where most of the recalled tires were made. Some of Firestones ex-employees testified that in the mid-10s there were some quality control problems at the plant. For example, in ordered to speed up the production process, the plant shortened the time spent curing, or cooking, the tires from 6 minutes to 16 minutes. It was also said that from 14-15 the assembly lines at the Firestone Decatur plant were in the hands of unskilled workers when the company had been through a bitter 10-month strike. In that time period, there were also some management changes and quality may have been scarified for quantity.


This matter has stirred up quite a bit of controversy about who essentially should be held liable for the damages that these tires have caused. One can called this a true product liability matter. One faulty tire incident should have sparked some sort of immediate investigation on the defective tire matter and immediate action should have been taken to remove the tires from the market. Instead, both companies decided to gamble with the idea of allowing these faulty tires to be distributed worldwide. In the end, lives have been lost and it was all due to pure negligence. One can define negligence as the failure to follow some generally accepted standard of care. For example, Firestone should have made sure that the routine inspections that the tires plants are put through should have been done thoroughly and Ford who has been in business with Firestone for almost a century should have done some follow up on these inspections to make sure that the tires were being produced at th!


e same level of standard. These faulty tires were clearly not put to the same level of standard as other Firestone tires or other tires of its kind.


One should not have any sympathy for companies like Firestone or Ford. It should be a crime for any company to allow a faulty product to be out on the market and for those manufacturers and sellers who knowingly allow the defective product to be sold on the market they should be charged with strict liability with criminal charges. The individuals who run these huge corporations should be held accountable for the harm that these products have and will cause, especially if they knowingly allow the product to be out on the marketmay no longer have the same faith in their product.


Please note that this sample paper on Ford Vs. Firestone is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Ford Vs. Firestone, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon Ford Vs. Firestone will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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November 5, 2020

I Did It!

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I did it. That's all that I knew was for sure. I really did it. I couldn't change what I had done no matter how much I wanted to. I really actually did what I had done. I tried to thrust myself into a fantasy world where I could turn back the clock. It ceased to work however. The clock still leapt forward whether I tried to stop the hands from turning or not. I had done what I always vowed I would never do. I'm a little perfect angel. I never do anything wrong. But I guess I really did do it.


Figuratively speaking, I had taken a dagger and slashed my boyfriend's (Chris) heart into pieces. Wait! I meant EX-boyfriend. All it took was one night and a little stupidity. Wham! Once again I was single and not by choice this time. The devil came along disguised like some rebel hottie and got me into trouble. He was six feet tall with his dark brown hair shaved close to his head. His eyes were dark greenish blue and they lured you in with the power of some unexplained magnetic force. His miscellaneous tattoos and body piercings that were scattered all over his body only served to turn me on more. Take a little bit of lust and mix that with two bottles of Hooch Ice and a couple of shots of strawberry kiwi vodka. Ta-Dah! I give you a surefire recipe that will equal to you cheating on your boyfriend. There are side affects though denial, lying, and the endless shedding of tears. Then come the mood changes. Followed by the deterioration of your saneness. Afterwards the deep throbbing scars surface that never really go away. Never.


Chris was what most girls would indeed call perfect. He was 6 feet tall with short blond hair and a reddish blond goatee. His baby blue eyes made you melt at first sight. He was older and more experienced. At twenty-six years old he was a far jump from the normal guys I went out with. My parents weren't too happy about he being as old as he was and neither were most of my friends, only I didn't care. He had graduated college and was a very successful accountant at a large firm in Kansas City. In his spare time he raced cars, ones that he built with his dad, in races all over the Midwest.


We always got told that despite the age difference we were the exact male and female versions of each other. We managed always to make our time together interesting. Instead of going out on our planned dates we would find ourselves bailing on them. We'd find something in Chris's fridge to eat and would end up watching a movie together instead. While I was more interested in watching the WWE than the Indy 500 Chris made me do it anyways. Before I knew it every time a NASCAR race came on I was skipping the WWE SMACKDOWN to watch it.


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Chris made me realize that growing up wasn't an easy process and while I was just beginning it he was seemingly almost done. Chris warned me when we first started going out that he did some crazy stuff when he first started college and since I was just starting he knew I would be doing the same crazy stuff too. He said it was almost a risk to be going out with me at the time because he knew what went on at those frat parties because he had done most of it himself. I told him I could handle it. I promised him that night that I would never cheat on him. Something I've learned since then Never make a promise it CAN be broken.


The experience of cheating on Chris and going through the terrible break-up that followed has scarred me for life. It's like a deep penetrating wound that will never fade away. It's there permanently to remind me of what I did that fateful September night. I'll never forget the pain that Chris held in his eyes, the tears I shed after I told him, nor the emptiness I suddenly felt when he told me we were really over. The look in his eyes that he held for so long that night made me aware that I had not only broken his heart by what I had done, I had also broken mine. Chris made me aware that night that I had really hurt him. I had caused him to lose his trust in me as well as his desire to be with me at that moment. I still make myself cry whenever I think about what I did to him and to our relationship. There were countless nights where I cried myself to sleep because the pain was too great to remain inside me.


The rude awakening that followed my actions wasn't anything that I expected. I figured I would rebound and move on quickly. But the truth is I haven't and I can't. Not only have I found that I can't but also I won't let myself. Believe me I've tried. I go out on these dates that seem to be never-ending. They feel like an excursion to the torture chamber every time. After the torture ends my wound left by the break up only grows deeper as I realize what I no longer have. Why I allow myself to get set up or take guys up on their offers I don't know. I won't allow anything to come out of them in the first place and I deny myself the pleasure of a good time. So why waste my time I constantly wonder.


Amazingly, there are a lot of guys out there that have the desire to help me move on and say that they will be better for me than he ever was. I want to believe them but time after time I have come to the conclusion that no guy will ever be able to really replace him. As much as I want to move on I feel like I'm stuck in a pit in which I can't escape from. Something's holding me back.I'm guessing it's probably me. I won't let myself move on. Maybe because I know it's not over.


I didn't truly know what I had with him until I lost it. Only then did I realize not only was I in love with him but he was the One. I was sure and I still am. When it comes to matters of the heart and soul I strongly believe that you should go with you gut instinct. All my friends and relatives tell me I'm crazy. They tell me I am only eighteen and I know nothing about love. However, I refuse to listen to their negativity. I continue letting love reign my heart. There is nothing better in this life than to have someone you love say they love you back. At almost nineteen, I'm still sure that he is what I want and I am willing to fight for another chance. We still remain close friends and we both have agreed to work towards giving "us" another shot…eventually.


That night I learned more about myself than I ever known before. I learned that I had the ability to hurt someone. I never had done something so drastic like cheating on a boyfriend before and it made me really take a look at myself. I never had taken the time to realize that the human intent could be so selfish and harm someone in such a devastating way. I had always told myself that I would never cheat on a boyfriend. Up until that point I never had. I remember telling Chris when we first started going out that I would never cheat on him as some of his past girlfriends had. I longed to be different and to separate myself from them. Now I am no different from them. The realization of this fact hurts me to the very depths within me. I had always prided myself in being my own person and doing my own thing. Part of that was making the people I loved proud of me. Not only had some of my closest friends and relatives lost faith and pride in me, but also I had also definitely lost pride and faith in myself.


This experience has made me learn some of the most important lessons that I will ever learn in my lifetime. Not only do I know more about myself than I did before this incident happened but also I am continuing to learn more as time goes on. I don't ever intend to go through what I went through with Chris ever again. If we do give ourselves a second chance then so be it. If we don't succeed I will have to move on and believe that the right guy for me is out there somewhere waiting to be found


The experience of cheating on Chris and going through the terrible break-up that followed has scarred me for life. It's like a deep penetrating wound that will never fade away. It's there permanently to remind me of what I did that fateful September night. I'll never forget the pain that Chris held in his eyes, the tears I shed after I told him, nor the emptiness I suddenly felt when he told me we were really over. The look in his eyes that he held for so long that night made me aware that I had not only broken his heart by what I had done, I had also broken mine. Chris made me aware that night that I had really hurt him. I had caused him to lose his trust in me as well as his desire to be with me at that moment. I still make myself cry whenever I think about what I did to him and to our relationship. There were countless nights where I cried myself to sleep because the pain was too great to remain inside me.


The rude awakening that followed my actions wasn't anything that I expected. I figured I would rebound and move on quickly. But the truth is I haven't and I can't. Not only have I found that I can't but also I won't let myself. Believe me I've tried. I go out on these dates that seem to be never-ending. They feel like an excursion to the torture chamber every time. After the torture ends my wound left by the break up only grows deeper as I realize what I no longer have. Why I allow myself to get set up or take guys up on their offers I don't know. I won't allow anything to come out of them in the first place and I deny myself the pleasure of a good time. So why waste my time I constantly wonder.


Amazingly, there are a lot of guys out there that have the desire to help me move on and say that they will be better for me than he ever was. I want to believe them but time after time I have come to the conclusion that no guy will ever be able to really replace him. As much as I want to move on I feel like I'm stuck in a pit in which I can't escape from. Something's holding me back.I'm guessing it's probably me. I won't let myself move on. Maybe because I know it's not over.


I didn't truly know what I had with him until I lost it. Only then did I realize not only was I in love with him but he was the One. I was sure and I still am. When it comes to matters of the heart and soul I strongly believe that you should go with you gut instinct. All my friends and relatives tell me I'm crazy. They tell me I am only eighteen and I know nothing about love. However, I refuse to listen to their negativity. I continue letting love reign my heart. There is nothing better in this life than to have someone you love say they love you back. At almost nineteen, I'm still sure that he is what I want and I am willing to fight for another chance. We still remain close friends and we both have agreed to work towards giving "us" another shot…eventually.


That night I learned more about myself than I ever known before. I learned that I had the ability to hurt someone. I never had done something so drastic like cheating on a boyfriend before and it made me really take a look at myself. I never had taken the time to realize that the human intent could be so selfish and harm someone in such a devastating way. I had always told myself that I would never cheat on a boyfriend. Up until that point I never had. I remember telling Chris when we first started going out that I would never cheat on him as some of his past girlfriends had. I longed to be different and to separate myself from them. Now I am no different from them. The realization of this fact hurts me to the very depths within me. I had always prided myself in being my own person and doing my own thing. Part of that was making the people I loved proud of me. Not only had some of my closest friends and relatives lost faith and pride in me, but also I had also definitely lost pride and faith in myself.


This experience has made me learn some of the most important lessons that I will ever learn in my lifetime. Not only do I know more about myself than I did before this incident happened but also I am continuing to learn more as time goes on. I don't ever intend to go through what I went through with Chris ever again. If we do give ourselves a second chance then so be it. If we don't succeed I will have to move on and believe that the right guy for me is out there somewhere waiting to be found.


Please note that this sample paper on I Did It! is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on I Did It!, we are here to assist you.Your persuasive essayon I Did It! will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.


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The New Deal

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In many ways, the United States' Government intervenes in our economy.In this type of society, these interventions can regulate certain industries but can sometimes become unconstitutional.For instance, the court case Schecter v United States, which took place in 15, showed that the government abused its power when it tried to inform business owners how to run their business.The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to do this.The main problem with this case resulted from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal program.


After getting elected President in 1, Roosevelt's proposition to get the nation back into an economic balance after the wretched Stock Market crash was this New Deal idea.FDR took the initiative to undertake this project, rather than allowing congress and the rest of the government to help.This program was taking place all around the United States, ranging from Tennessee to Oregon to Texas.Roosevelt developed the "100 Day Plan" which was to reconstruct the economy after the market crash ("The Great" 1).This plan was to give direct relief to the poor and to show the public that he was serious about this and was not using it just for a political advantage.In the future, as the project progressed, one of the main goals was land reclamation to prevent deforestation and to promote hydropower."President Franklin Roosevelts plan to get the U.S. out of the Great Depression, known as the New Deal, can be grouped into the so-called three Rs recovery, relief, and reform" ("Recovery" 1). The recovery part referred to the recovery of industry through crops and business cooperation.This was basically an end to America's policy of laissez faire and a start of new things to come in America."The previous government policies of laissez faire (leaving things as they are or simply leaving things to market forces) were replaced by much more government control and intervention" ("Roosevelt's" 1).The New Deal was based to boost the economy.While it didn't turn the economy around, it did stop the recession."When President Roosevelt took office in 1, he feverishly created program after program to give relief, create jobs, and stimulate economic recovery for the U.S. These programs were called 'alphabet soup' as well as the 'New Deal'" ("Successes" 1).Roosevelt wanted to give the Americans something to look forward to as they try to get out of their economic slump.


In order for Roosevelt's plan to work, he developed more than thirty organizations to help.He used these organizations to employ more Americans and to get them upbeat in reviving the economy.One organization he created was the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).This was a 1 experiment in regional development ("FDR's" 1).This program was used to build hydro-dams.The organization had to use coal power to create and run these dams.This caused an unintended consequence in acid rain, pollution and landslides.This was a good idea and helped the land get fertilized and maintain a constant stream of water, but it also caused a monumental environmental disaster.The TVA tried to give jobs to the poor and to improve this terrible region, but the unintended consequence made this not really work.Another organization he developed was the Civil Works Administration (CWA).This group promoted industry and cheap labor by using immigrants from Mexico ("FDR's" 1).They would pay them minimal amount of money to do the job of American citizens so the Government could save money.In the long run, the unintended consequence was that the citizens were angry because of having their jobs taken away from them for people who wouldn't need that much money."This public work program gave the unemployed jobs building or repairing roads, parks, airports, etc" ("Successes" 1).One more organization that the New Deal included was the Agricultural Adjustment Agency (AAA).This group would go out and buy a section of the farmer's land and make sure that that section is not used for crops.FDR did this so there wasn't anymore overproducing and not as much competition to outsell the neighboring farmer ("FDR's" 1).An unintended consequence of this was some underproducing of certain crops and some mad farmers.One last organization that developed because of the New Deal was the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).When this was discovered in the early 10's, this reassured Americans' faith and trust in banks ("FDR's" 1).At that time, your money was insured up to $5,000.Today, your money is insured up to $100,000.Clearly can see an economic increase in the 70-year difference.This organization opened the door to more banks and more economic-based groups.All of the unintended consequences that were mentioned were all negative.Simply, the reason behind this was because the idea of the organizations were for the better, but as time progressed, whether it was pollution or angry farmers, something had to give and begin to decrease in popularity.


Other than the organizations from the New Deal, FDR made some other additions to help the economy of the United States at that time.One adjustment he made was the 0th Amendment, which was called "Lame Duck."This called for shortening of the periods between new members of the Congress, as well as the President and Vice-President ("Grolier" 1).Roosevelt also was in office for the Economy Act, which called for eliminating some of the benefits for the World War I veterans.The main reason for this was to save money, which the country desperately needed at that time.Roosevelt was also in office for the 1st Amendment, which appealed the 18th Amendment about prohibition of alcohol.Roosevelt presented this to the nation as a good idea because if people wanted alcohol, they would have to pay the money for it, plus the heavy tax that was put on it, by Roosevelt.These are some other changes that Roosevelt made in addition to the New Deal that improves the economy at that time.


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The New Deal was presented by Roosevelt and approved by the nation.Before FDR, the economy was struggling and the public was up for anything that could remotely help out the economy and their well-being.The lasting effect from this was major organizations founded, citizens' trust in banks and the government, and most importantly, getting the economy back to where it was before the Great Depression.If I were a politician at that time, I would have to support this very democratic idea.The government needs to intervene in the economy of the United States, in order to keep a stable economic state.Without government intervention, whether it be 100% control or minimal help, this country would not be where it is at today, being a superpower amongst the world.


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