Fair Trading act 1986

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With specific regard to the Fair Trading Act 186, contrary to many opinions retailers or suppliers have the right and power to decline sale of any particular good or service.To explain this belief this paper will firstly, outline the relevant law in regard to declining sale.Secondly, the general public belief that retailers cannot decline sale will be explained.Finally, this paper will use real life scenarios and relevant case law to explain why retailers or suppliers do in fact possess the power to decline sale.

Firstly, we must establish the relevant law in which the "right to refuse sale" arises.The Fair Trading Act currently stands as such

SECTION

No person shall, in trade, engage in conduct that is misleading or deceptive or is likely to mislead or deceive.

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SECTION 1

1(1) [Prohibition] No person shall, in trade, advertise for supply at a specified price goods or services which that person -

(a) Does not intend to offer for supply; or

(b) Does not have reasonable grounds for believing can be supplied by that person

At that price for a period that is, and in quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of the market in which the person carries on business and the nature of the advertisement.

1() [Advertiser must offer] Any person who has advertised goods or services for supply at a specified price shall offer such goods or services for supply at that price for a period that is, and in quantities that are, reasonable having regard to the nature of the market in which the person carries on business and the nature of the advertisement.

Generally, the Fair Trading Act covers "misleading or deceptive conduct, and false representations in trade".Although, in our case Section 1 is specifically helpful in proving retailers or suppliers can in fact decide to decline sale.Section 1 can be broken into two specifically important aspects.Firstly, Section 1(1) states, "Can't advertise at a price a thing you don't intent to sell, or do not have reasonable grounds to believe it can be supplied".Secondly, Section 1() states, "If advertising a specific price, must have quantities reasonable enough, having regard to the nature of the market and nature of the advertisement".

A common perspective throughout the public is that, "suppliers or retailers should not be able to refuse consumers sale of any particular advertised good".The truth is that, retailers often do decline sale because they don't have the advertised good and quite possibly never intended to sell it.This situation often arises when a retailer uses"Bait advertising"."Bait advertising" is illegal and described as, "buying a different product from a particular trader whom you would have not have otherwise gone to if it weren't for a particular advertisement" and thus, the honest trader and ultimately the consumer losses.This process involves "Bait and switch"

ɨ Get the consumer into the store

ɨ Switch them to another product

Furthermore, Section (1) of the Act out lines other illegal excuses retailers sometimes use to decline sale.These include

ɨ "Is for sale, but not for you!" = No Breach

ɨ "Does not exist" = Breach

ɨ "Dose exist but not for sale" = Breach

Ultimately, using "bait advertising" or various other unethical techniques outlined above to decline sale, is "misleading and deceptive behavior".Therefor, a retailer or supplier can not decline sale, and if they do should be in breach of Section () of the Fair Trading Act.

At this stage it seems very difficult to understand how a retailer or supplier could ever legally decline sale.However, lets assume a couple of particular scenarios to establish a broader perspective.Firstly, let's suppose your business involved selling T-shirts at a local fair every Saturday.The business had a consistent client base on which you could accurately predict how much stock was needed.Secondly, lets suppose you decided to create a web site designed to supply the entire country with your T-shirts.Finally, let's say you were flooded with orders and couldn't supply all the necessary T-shirts.By this happening you would have changed the nature of the market and advertisement (S1 ()).Therefore, you as a trader should have foreseen this rapid increase in sales and predicted stock as necessary and therefore breaching Sectionand 1 of the Fair Trading Act.In the apparent scenario, this result seems unreasonable and nearly impossible to comply with.Thus, there are various ways around this and ultimately the right to decline sale.Firstly, exemption could involve, showing "stock levels" on the website itself, viewable to all possible consumers.This would inform the consumer that there is a possibility of the retailer being unable to supply the product and legally allow the retailer the right to decline sale.The stock level dose not have to be exact, an estimate is sufficient.For example, "be quick supplies limited".Secondly, a further exemption may include "running out of stock".However, this particular defence is usually attributed to produce goods (goods which are restocked regularly such as Fruit).Therefore, from this particular scenario we see that it is entirely possible for a retailer or supplier to legally decline sale.Furthermore, lets assume another scenario, suppose a minor or intoxicated person walked into your alcohol store or bar demanding to be served.If served, these persons could become sick, violent or even worse, you might be presented with a substantial fine.It is entirely unconventional and/or unethical to suggest suppliers should be forced to sell to anyone in either of these examples.Furthermore, the Sale of Liquor Act forbids such an act and deems it illegal.Therefore, again we see it is entirely possible for a retailer or supplier to decline sale. Overall, on closer analysis of realistic scenarios we discover that retailers and suppliers do in fact possess the right to decline sale.

To further emphasise our case, we can acknowledge an important precedent set in the case of Boots Chemist (176).The ratio set in Boots Chemist insinuates that an advertisement is only an "invitation to treat".This means that the customer makes the offer to purchase a good and the retailer of supplier hold the power to accept or decline the offer (similar to buying a house).

In conclusion, with specific regard to the Fair Trading Act, contrary to many opinions retailers or suppliers have the right and power to decline sale of any particular good or service.To explain this belief this paper has firstly, outline the relevant law in regard to declining sale.Secondly, the general public belief that retailers cannot decline sale has been thoroughly explained.Finally, this paper has used real life scenarios and relevant case law to explain why retailers or suppliers do in fact possess the power to decline sale.

Reference List

Fair Trading Act 186

Boots Chemist v Chemist Guild 176 NZ RD45

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Issues regarding Biometrics

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ISSUES REGARDING BIOMETRICS

In America today, it is far too easy to conceal our own identity or assume the identity of another for the purpose of doing wrong. An individual can steal an identity by obtaining some easily discovered pieces of information about a person or by stealing a card or token that is used to identify the individual. To protect our identity, which is crucial in protecting our privacy, there must be a form of identification that cannot be learned, stolen or forged. The only effective means of accomplishing this is the use of biometrics. By using biometrics identifiers such as fingerprints, iris/retina, or facial patterns, a persons identity can be realized. Biometrics identifiers are of course widely used by people to identify each otherone might recognize a friend by the sound of her voice, the color of her eyes, or the shape of her face. Devices using biometrics identifiers attempt to automate this process by comparing the information scanned in real time against an authentic sample stored digitally in a database .

However, deploying biometrics in a mass market, like credit card authorization or bank ATM access, raises additional concerns beyond the security of the transactions. One such concern is the publics perception of a possible invasion of privacy. In addition to personal information such as name and date of birth, the user is asked to surrender images of body parts, such as fingers, face, and iris. These images, or other such biometric signals, are stored in digital form in various databases. This raises the concern of possible sharing of data among law enforcement agencies, or commercial enterprises.

The public is concerned about the ever-growing body of information that is being collected about individuals in our society. The data collected encompass many applications and include medical records and biometric data. A related concern is the coordination and sharing of data from various databases. In relation to biometric data, the public is, rightfully or not; worried about data collected by private companies being matched against databases used by law enforcement agencies. Fingerprint images, for example, can be matched against the FBI or INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) databases with ominous consequences .

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These concerns are aggravated by the fact that a persons biometric data are given and cannot be changed. One of the properties that makes biometrics so attractive for authentication purposestheir invariance over timeis also one of its liabilities. When a credit card number is compromised, the issuing bank can just assign the customer a new credit card number. When the biometric data are compromised, replacement is not possible.

It is somewhat ironic that the greatest strength of biometrics, the fact that the biometrics does not change over time, is at the same time its greatest liability. Once a set of biometric data has been compromised, it is compromised forever. Thus it seems that although the use of biometrics is seen as the of future of security, there are significant privacy and civil liberties issues regarding the use of such devices. From a study conducted by the RAND Biometric Team for the U.S. Army, the following three issues were presented as key concerns of the public with regard to the use of Biometrics. They are information privacy, physical privacy and religious concerns.

Information Privacy - the power to control what others can come to know about you. The most significant informational privacy concerns relate to the threat of function creep and the tracking capabilities of biometrics.

Tracking, which may be thought of as a particular type of function creep, refers to the ability to monitor in real time an individual's actions or to search databases that contains information about these actions. For example, if an individual must use a standard biometric for multiple governmental, business, and leisure transactions of everyday life, it becomes possible that each of these records could be linked through the standardized biometric. This link could allow an entity, such as the government, to compile a comprehensive profile of the individual's actions. This Big Brother concern has been expressed by privacy expert Roger Clarke (14, p. 4)

Any high-integrity identifier [like biometrics] represents a threat to civil liberties, because it represents the basis for a ubiquitous identification scheme, and such a scheme provides enormous power over the populace. All human behavior would become transparent to the state, and the scope for non-conformism and dissent would be muted to the point envisaged by the anti-Utopian novelists .

The possibility of clandestine capture of biometric data increases concerns about Big Brother. For example, facial recognition systems can track individuals without the individual's knowledge or permission. This alone raises ethical concerns. Moreover, the information from tracking can be combined with other personal data, acquired through biometrics or other means, to provide even more insight into an individual's private life.

Anonymity is seen by some as a benefit to illegal activities but there are many aspects of our affairs that many of us would legitimately prefer to keep to ourselves. Health problems, marital concerns, parental history or religious beliefs are features of ourselves that we may prefer not to be widely known .

Tracking of citizens, surveillance societies and loss of autonomy are often associated in our minds with totalitarian governments but even well meaning regimes may use whatever is in their control when they feel the end justifies the means. As an example, the governments of Canada and the United States felt justified in identifying and incarcerating those of Japanese ancestry during the Second World War. These people were at least, in part, identified through the use of census data (CATI). And so the question posed by privacy advocates is, How much more efficiently could this have been accomplished with todays technologies and the myriad of available government databases?It is this general encroachment, often described as "function creep" that they are most concerned about. Function Creep is seen as using information for purposes other than the original purpose for which it was collected.

However, it should be noted that depending on whom it affects and how it affects them, function creep might be seen as desirable or undesirable. For instance, using SSNs to search for a parent who is delinquent with child support payments may be seen as desirable. On the other hand, having a person's digitized state Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) photograph sold to a commercial firm to create a national photo ID database might be considered unacceptable.

Additional purposes can be useful and valuable to society, but ethical concerns arise when biometrics are used beyond their original purpose, without the informed and voluntary consent of the participants. These concerns include whether participants have the right to reassess their participation given the new purpose for the data, the

implications of a decision not to cooperate in providing biometric data, and justification of the new purposes, given the program's original intent (RAND).

The third concern regarding information privacy is the misuse of personal information (data), including the stealing of identities (identity theft). This has become more of a threat as information technology, including electronic commerce, has become ubiquitous. Used in certain ways, biometrics provides greater security because the biometric identifier is much harder to steal or counterfeit. On the other hand, where biometrics are authenticated remotely, that is, by transmission of data from a sensor to a centralized data repository, a hacker might be able to steal, copy, or reverse-engineer the biometric. This misappropriation could also come about through insider misusee.g., the rogue employee. Without proper safeguards, files could be misappropriated and transactions could be performed using other people's identities.

The second key concern of biometrics is Physical Privacy. This also raises three issues the stigma associated with some biometrics, such as fingerprints; the possibility of actual harm to the participants by the technology itself; and the concern that the devices used to obtain or "read" the biometric may be unhygienic.

Stigmatization - In the United States, some individuals and segments of society associate fingerprinting with law enforcement, acts of criminal behavior and oppressive government and as such would not be willing to subject to it.

Actual harm that could be caused by biometric technologies is another area of concern for people.Although the technology may be harmless, the perception of harm may cause users to obstruct the implementation of a program or be reluctant to participate in it.For example, a person whose career depends on his or her eyesight might be greatly concerned about a biometrics program that requires him or her to look in close proximity at a device to have their retina scanned.Others may be concerned that a dismembered limb could be stolen and used to breach a system.

Hygiene and concerns about the cleanliness of sensors also lead to objections to biometrics.People may feel uncomfortable placing their faces against a machine to have their retinas scanned after many others have done so or touching a hand-geometry scanner during flu and cold season.At the same time, it must be noted that the degree to which objections based on physical requirements arise depends on the biometric used.The reluctance and concern would also vary depending on whether the sensor is shared by many (as with a hand-geometry reader at an airport) or used individually (as with a desktop computer fingerprint sensor).

The third and final key concern raised by privacy and civil liberties advocates regarding biometrics is that of a Religious nature. Religious objections have arisen when identification programs have been implemented.For example, certain Christians interpret biometrics to be a "Mark of the Beast". The objection is based on language found in the Bible in the book of Revelation

[The Beast] causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their foreheads And that no man might buy or sell, save that he had the mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name. . . . and his number is six hundred, threescore, and six. (Revelation, 11618.)

Certain Christians consider the biometric to be the brand discussed in Revelation and biometric readers as the only means of viewing these brands. Similarly, M. G. "Pat" Robertson, host of "The 700 Club" and founder of The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc., observes that the "Bible says the time is going to come when you cannot buy or sell except when a mark is placed on your hand or forehead." He expresses doubts about biometrics and notes how the technology is proceeding according to Scripture.

In Alabama, groups including the Christian Coalition, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the American Civil Liberties Union, vigorously protested an effort to place a fingerprint biometric on all drivers' licenses.In July 17, Alabama Governor Fob James, Jr., stopped the proposed program because of these objections. However, five other statesCalifornia, Texas, Colorado, Hawaii, and Georgiarequire a driver to provide a fingerprint on the driver's license, without significant public opposition.In West Virginia and the District of Columbia, providing a fingerprint for the license is optional.

Although the concerns of privacy advocates regarding biometrics are valid, these concerns can largely be alleviated with the creation of laws, enforcement agencies and monitoring to ensure that the government and corporations do not misuse the data. We do not live in an authoritarian country, but rather a democracy with numerous checks and balances. The key to preventing the loss of our liberty and autonomy is not to prevent the spread of technology, but rather to ensure that it is used properly and in a transparent nature. The development of biometrics should be treated similarly to the development of genetics. It is for the good of society that we learn how to use these technologies, but it needs to be done with observation from government and private watchdog groups to ensure that the technology is not abused.

References

Clarke, Roger. (001) "Biometrics and Privacy" Principal, Xamax Consultancy Pty Ltd, Canberra at http//www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/DV/Biometrics.html

Clarke, Roger. "Human Identification in Information Systems Management Challenges and Public Policy Issues". Information Technology & People. MCB University Press Ltd. Volume 7 Number 4, 14

Cooper Advanced Technologies Inc (CATI). "Biometrics - Privacy Concerns" http//www.catech.com/biometrics.htm#4

Ratha N. K., Connell J. H. and Bolle R. M. "Enhancing Security and Privacy in Biometrics-based Authentication Systems", IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 40.#, 001

RAND Biometric Team. "Army Biometric Applications Identifying and Addressing Sociocultural Concerns". Arroyo Center. U.S. Army DISC 4

Robertson, Pat. "Biometrics Chipping Away Your Rights?" Christian Broadcasting Network, October , 15

Stamper, Chris. Fighting the Fingerprints, CNN.com, July 4, 17

Please note that this sample paper on Issues regarding Biometrics is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Issues regarding Biometrics, we are here to assist you.Your cheap college paperson Issues regarding Biometrics will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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John Greenleaf Whittier

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John Greenleaf Whittier

John Greenleaf Whittier was once a national treasure and his creations were once a motivation for curriculums in schools.His poetry is an inspiration to Quakers and anyone who has a passion for the Anti-slavery movement.He was one of the most outspoken abolitionists among his generation.John Greenleaf Whittier dedicated his life to creating literature and was vastly important in influencing social action.

John Whittier's early life was one of labor and quenching a thirst for writing.He was born into a Quaker, farming family on the17th of December 1807.Whittier lived in Haverhill, Massachusetts along with his mother, father, two sisters and a brother.All five of them worked on the farm but it was not a profitable one.Their economy was quite strict but they managed to live very well.When Whittier was allowed to attend school he first became interested in poetry.According to John Whittier in "Whittier's Autobiography in Letter Form," "my first school-master, Joshua Coffin, brought with him to our house a volume of Burns' poems…which had a lasting influence upon me and I began to make rhymes myself, and to imagine stories and adventures" (1).Fourteen was when he first became interested in poetry other than that found in the Bible (Whittier ).Whittier's family was very supportive of his interests in writing and somewhat 'pushy' in the matter.His older sister sent one of his poetical attempts to the editor of

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"Poet's Corner" and to their great surprise, his poem appeared in the next edition.At this point in his life his father needed him on the farm and so he was no longer attending school.Whittier's uncle saw the importance of his education and convinced the family to send him back. Whittier then attended Haverhill Academy for six months only to return to the farm to work for his father.When his brother moved to Dover, NH Whittier sold the farm and moved his mother to Amesbury, MA; Whittier moved to Pennsylvania due to its appeal of being the center for abolitionist activity.

Poetry truly was Whittier's calling and it was deeply inspired by many other writers of his time.Robert Burns was the instigator of his love for poetry and also inspired Whittier to write in verse.His first real chance to do something with his writing career came in 18 when an invitation came welcoming Whittier "to take charge of the Hartford (Ct.) "Review" in the place of the famous George D. Prentice" (Whittier ).He accepted the invitation and stayed almost two years.His mother summoned him home and he arrived only in time to see his father before he passed away.Whittier was forced to take over the farm for quite some time but was aided by his mother and sister.His first poem was "The Exile's Departure" which was published by William Lloyd Garrison in 186.Garrison persuaded him to continue his education through twelfth grade and then he supported himself as a teacher and shoemaker.Garrison was who drove Whittier into a life of politics later in life.Poetry was not the only creative writing he was capable of; he created over 100 hymns "which's talent was only surpassed by Longfellow" (erols.com ).As a member of the Society of Friends he was educated extensively to regard slavery as "a great and dangerous evil" and his sympathies "were strongly enlisted

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for the oppressed slaves by (my) intimate acquaintance with William Lloyd Garrison" (erols.com 4).In 18 he was a delegate to the first National Anti-Slavery Convention in Philadelphia.A year later he took charge of the "Pennsylvania Freeman" which was an "organ of the Anti-Slavery Society" (Whittier 5).Whittier never received anything for his poetry or literary articles because of his unyielding views of the anti-slavery movement.His work was of "New England's life, history and legend" and was commonly steered towards New Hampshire due to their bold stand against slavery (kimopress.com 4).Whittier's "first authorized collection of poems" was published in 188 (kimopress.com 5).His next release of poetical works was in 1864 and it was called "Snow Bound."His poetry was not coming so easily anymore which was mostly due to the death of Lincoln; he couldn't think, write of do anything anymore because he was so shocked.This practically ended with "Legends of New England and "Moll Pitcher."By this time Whittier had no family left and his heath was also deteriorating.He ventured to New Hampshire to live the rest of his life in fighting the evils of anti-slavery; he did this successfully for 5 more years.

Slavery was one of the core controversies of Whittier's time.He was an advocate of the anti-slavery movement in every way.He was known mostly due to his ideals on slavery rather than his poetry.According to Robinson in "John G. Whittier," "his abilities as an abolitionist surpassed his abilities as a poet" (7).As an abolitionist, he wanted every to know what he thought so he wrote "Justice and Expediency" and in this, he declared himself an abolitionist.This brought up a great deal of hullabaloo as to whether readers liked or disliked his works and was also his way into the position of a

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"prominent figure" in the anti-slavery movement.Among all of his writing and arranging campaigns against slavery he managed to help Hale into office. This was exceedingly important because he was also completely for anti-slavery and this was one of the more minor turning points in the movement to end slavery.Garrison's influence upon his life early on led him to where Whittier is now.He was the co-founder of the Liberty party, which was a "political action group of the Abolitionist party" (Robinson 7).Whittier once said to Garrison, "we have to undo the accumulated wrongs of two centuries, to unmake the manhood which slavery has well-nigh unmade."Whittier always took it upon himself to be the one man who would abolish slavery.For example anonymous explains in "John Greenleaf Whittier," he was the "most outspoken abolitionist among the poets of his generation…was a contributor to his illness" that eventually killed him (1).He spent most of his life aiding the movement to end slavery and lived to see its termination.John Whittier died in Hampton Falls, NH in 18 having devoted his being to the exile of slavery and assisting newspapers and writers with his moral and virtuous poetry and hymns. Sturgill 6

Bibliography

Fraser, G. S.John Greenleaf Whittier.Volume VI.New York Scribners, 18.

John Greenleaf Whittier. 17 December 001. http//www.kimopress.com/whittier.htm

John Greenleaf Whittier. 0 October 00. http//www.questia.com/.

Kelly, John Ed.John Greenleaf Whittier.Volume I.Oxford Clearendon Press, 186.

Robinson, comp.John G. Whittier. 18.http//www.seacoastnh.com/blackhistory/

Whittier.html.

The Life of John Whittier.7 August 00. users.erols.com/kfraser/authors/

Whittier.html.

Whittier's Autobiography, in Letter Form.5 June 00. http//www.spartacus.

Schoolnet.co.uk/USASwhittier.htm.

Works of John Greenleaf Whittier.00. http//www.encyclopedia.com/.

Please note that this sample paper on John Greenleaf Whittier is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on John Greenleaf Whittier, we are here to assist you.Your cheap custom college paperson John Greenleaf Whittier will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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FTP Tutorial

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FTP Commands by NightSoft

Introduction

The FTP is a service that has been around since 17 when it was finally (after a lot of proposed ideas about File

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Transfer Mechanisms) completed. The main objectives of the FTP are (as defined in the Rfc 5) 1) Promote sharing

of file (computer programs or data) ) to shield an user for variation in file storage systems among hosts ) to

transfer data reliably and effitiently.

FTP

FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol, this protocol runs on port 1 and allows users with valid accounts

to upload and download files. This protocol was designed thinking in a Client/server model, so the user would be

able to use it from a terminal. To use it the User invoke an FTP client, just typing FTP (Windows Users should

type FTP at the Command Prompt of in theRunwindow atStart(easy heh... ) ) ...yeah windows has it...

you didnt know..?? dont worry there a bunch of guys out there just like you...they dont even know this exist.

OK..cool you found the FTP now you must get an FTP Server...go to google and search for one ..i dont know..

heh..??what did i just heard ?? you dont know what google is...damn..!! you are a special case of Lamenessj/k ) .

KOOL...you found an FTP address...ok To connect to a FTP-server you must type open FTP Address or FTP Ftp Server

(with out the quotes you lamer..j/k )) thats all you must know by now...learn more before you continue....so go on

reading and dont close that FTP session...you will use it later.

This server you just connected (the Address you just got... homie), is responsible for verifying the autenticity of the

users who connect to the system, perform the instructions requested by the users and enforcing the security of the system.

The commands allow you to browse in the remote system and copy, delete or create files, but only if you have granted access.

To start an FTP session you must have a registered NAME and Password. In Public FTP-Servers the Admins create an Anonymous

Account. To access the server just type Anonymous or Guest when it ask you for a login name, then the server (if works)

will ask you to type any stupid shit, like your mail (try to fake one)....some servers will ask you for a VALID mail,(oops

now you cant fake it...put someones mail address instead) some Anonymous servers dont even need a password.

ok...now i will list some of the FTP commands... if you wanna start to use that FTP session...it will be great if you learn

this commands and practice with them

! -Escape to the shell

? -Print local help information

Append - Append to a file

Ascii -Set ascii tranfer type (For text)

Bell - Beep when command completed

Binary - Set binary transfer type (For Bynary files....programs, ZipFiles ....)

bye -Terminate Ftp session and exit

cd - Change remote working directory (on the server)

Close -Terminate Ftp session

Delete - Delete remote file

Debug -Toggle debigging mode

dir -List contents of remote directory

get -Receive file

glob - Toggle metacharacter expansion of local file names

hash - Toggle printing # for each buffer transferred

lcd -Change local working directory

literal -Send arbitrary Ftp command

ls - List contents of remote directory

mdelete -Delete multiple files

mdir - List content of multiple remote directories

mget - Get multiple files

mkdir -Make directory on the remote machine

mls -List contents of multiple remote directories

mput - Send multiple files

open - Connect to remote tftp

prompt - Force interactive prompting on multiple commands

put -Send one file

pwd -Print working directory on remote machine

quit - Terminate ftp session and exit

quote -Send arbitrary ftp command

recv - Receive file

remotehelp - Get help from remote server

rename - Rename file

rmdir -Remove directory on the remote machine

Send - Send one file

status - Show current status

trace -Toggle packed tracing

type - Set file transfer type

user - Send new user information

Verbose -Toggle verbose mode

Now you know what some commands do... for the lamers that still dont understand anything, i will use an example to show how is the enviroment in the account. The ftp commands will vary among operative systems, so if you noticed some commands of your box arent similar to these ones, i suggest that you type help and try to see whats their use. That will help you because now that you have this list of commands and their use...you can compare it to the commands of your box.

The comunication between the user and the server is intendent to be an alternating dialogue...so when you type a command you

should wait to the server responds with a reply. Therere some comands that will bring up two replies instead one. The FTP

replies consists of adigit number followed by sometext. I will list some examples below

- - Replies - -

00 PORT comand successful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for File List

6 Transfer Complete

Now...look it has a -digit number and a text line. Each action will bring up different replies of course. These numbers

represents differents codes. i will list now some numbers and their code..

00 - Command Ok

500 - Syntax error, command unrecognized

50 - Command not implemented

I can keep writing codes and codes but it would be too fing long and this is just to teach you basic FTP. OK the example..

I already told you how get to the FTP prompt so i will assume that you are in the FTP Session...

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

ok this is kind of stupid but i will explain it... i just told to the FTP to connect to the server Hax0rz.lt.uk..

after you get connected, if the connection process succedd...you will get something like this..

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

Connected to Hax0rz.lt.uk

0 Hax0rz.lt.uk FTP Server VersionReady.

User Hax0rz.lt.uknone

I will asume that you dont have an account on the FTP server...if thats the case then you will type Anonymous (without

the coutes), this will let you work in the FTP server in the Anonymous account. This accounts often have a lot of restrictions as you will see.

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

Connected to Hax0rz.lt.uk

0 Hax0rz.lt.uk FTP Server VersionReady.

User Hax0rz.lt.uknone Anonymous

1 Guest login ok, send your email address as password

Password

ok...if thats your case you can type any shit you want...and go on..

ftp Open Hax0rz.lt.uk

Connected to Hax0rz.lt.uk

0 Hax0rz.lt.uk FTP Server VersionReady.

User Hax0rz.lt.uknone Anonymous

1 Guest login ok, send your email address as password

Password

0 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply

Remote system type is UNIX

Using binary mode to transfer files

ftp

ok now we are connected to the server, now you must start to use the commands i listed above.

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 6

dr--r--r-- 0551 Oct001 bin

dr--r--r-- 0551 Nov 1 001 etc

drwxr-xr-r7 0551 Jul 18 001 pub

6 Transfer Complete

ftp

What i just did was tell to the server to list the directories (/bin../etc../pub). The directories are the text after the

date. If you use dir instead of ls you will receive the same message. Lets give a try...

ftpdir

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 6

dr--r--r-- 0551 Oct001 bin

dr--r--r-- 0551 Nov 1 001 etc

drwxr-xr-x7 0551 Jul 18 001 pub

6 Transfer Complete

ftp

Yup..we got the same message, as you saw dir and ls are the same commands but with differents names...if you ever have

used Linux you will notice that this is the same command used to list files and directories...the same its for windows, dir

is the command used to list files and directories. I think this is to give more ease to the windows and Linux users.

Now lets try to enter to /etc...

ftpcd etc

550 etcPermission Denied

ftp

Now lets take a look carefully...I guess you must be thinking DENIED wtf??...remember when I told you This accounts

(anonymous) often have a lot of restrictions as you will see.../etc its a main directory in nix machines and the system

in the server is !! UNIX !!... how in the hell I know?? you must be asking...well look carefully the login propmt, after the

Password line...Remote system type is UNIX

I wanted make this clear for the Windows users that dont know shit about nix.. I know the nix users as soon as they saw the directories the knew it was a nix OS.

OK now lets try /bin..

ftpbin

550 binPermission Denied.

ftp

yup...same message...thats another main directory in nix machines...the admins make this because they dont want any user get

access to this directories...in here are stored a lot of info about the users and the server. Now lets try the last directory

in the list /pub...

ftpcd pub

CWD command succesful

ftp

OK...it seems the admins only gave access to /pub to the Anonymous users...now lets see what they have in here...

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 14

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 1401 doc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Oct 17 006 misc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 140 palm

drwxr-xr-x7 05 156 Jul 17 1856 unix

drwxr-xr-x4 05 156 Nov8 008 Windows

6 Transfer complete

ftp

I think you now can distinguish the directories in the last example, but i will list them in case you still dont.

/doc

/misc

/palm

/unix

/windows

ok..lets try to access the first directory /doc...

ftpcd doc

CWD command succesful

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 4

dr-xr-xr-x 054818 Jul 18 1401 rfc

You know what I just did, I dont have to tell you again...it seems they just have 1 directory here with Rfcs...its great

because now I will show how to download a text file...if you dont know whats an Rfc...go to google I wont tell you; lets

say its a text file. ok..

ftpcd rfc

CWD command succesful

ftpls

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 1010 Mar 1000 rfc.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 17050 Mar 1000 rfc0.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 85 Mar 1000 rfc1.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 054587 Mar 1000 rfc.txt

-r-xr-xr-x1 05 5468 Mar 1000 rfc.txt

6 Transfer complete

ftp

ok now lets talk about transfer types...in FTP therere two transfer types ASCII and BINARY. The ASCII is used to

tansfer text and BINARY is used for binary files (.exe, .zip ...).By Default FTP uses the ASCII transfer mode. Now we

want to transfer a text file so we will set the ASCII mode. And we will download the rfc.txt. (The ASCII mode is

enabled so you dont have to set it...but you are learning...so do it anyway !!) )

ftpascii

00 Type set to A

ftpget rfc.txt

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for rfc.txt 1010 bytes.

6 Transfer complete

1010 bytes received in 1.8 secs (.15 Kbytes/sec)

ftp

Now we will change the local directory where we want the downloaded files arrive..

ftplcd

Local directory now CProgram Files

ftplcd C

Local directory now C

If you type just lcd it will show you the local working directory, but If you type lcd and a new local path, it will

set the new local path as the working directory. Above I cheked the working directory and then I changed the local path,

you dont have to necessarily check the local path to set a new one, I just did it for an example. Now we will go back two

directories and access the /pub again. We will use the pwd command to see the FTP directory.

ftpcd ..

50 CWD Command succesful

ftppwd

57 /pub/doc is the current directory

ftp

ok we got back one directory /pub/doc...to the next example we will think we are still in /pub/doc/rfc....ok?? remember

this so you dont get lost...ok..okso we are at /pub/doc/rfc

ftpcd ../..

50 CWD Command succesful

ftppwd

57 /pub is the current directory

ftp

cool..now we got back two directories, instead to type cd .. twice we typed the periods with the first ones...that brought

us two directories back. Now we will try to get access /misc and dowload the .zip file you will find in there. (Remember

we are in /pub now)

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 14

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 1401 doc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Oct 17 006 misc

drwxr-xr-x 0551 Jul 18 140 palm

drwxr-xr-x7 05 156 Jul 17 1856 unix

drwxr-xr-x4 05 156 Nov8 008 Windows

6 Transfer complete

ftpcd misc

50 CWD Command succesful

ftpls

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open ASCII mode data conection for /bin/ls

total 876

-r-xr-xr-x1 0 51010 Nov001 FixSirc.com

-r-xr-xr-x1 10011001 17050 Feb 00 intel_0_aniv.psd

-r-xr-xr-x1 0 585 Sep 0001 nimda4.exe

-r-xr-xr-x1 0 544647 Sep 0001 nimdascn.zip

6 Transfer complete

ftp

ok...we found the .zip file, now to download this file we must set the transfer type to BINARY and then do it...

ftpBinary

00 Type set to I

ftpget nimdascn.zip

localnimdascn.zip remotenimdascn.zip

00 Port Commands succesful

150 Open BINARY mode data conection for nimdascn.zip 44647 bytes

6 Transfer Complete

44647 bytes received in 0.1 secs (15 Kbytes/sec)

ftpbye

1 Goodbye

C

ok thats all...you know the basic if you wanna learn more explore ftp sites and try the commands we didnt use here...I hope

you had learned the basic of FTP...and keep learning and reading, it will help you a lot.. P

If you have any comments (not Spam or Flames please)regarding this tutorial email me at Mains4@hotmail.com or find me on

MIRC at #lameindustries or #MindFuk..irc.root.gg - - - - This is the server...you lamers (its a joke) )

irc.lt.ws

Soft®

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The Tuskegee Airmanwill always be the most influential air squadron during WWII.I believe this because there where a lot racist people that did not want them to succeed, but they did more than just succeed.They became the first black Airforce pilots.It all started when President Roosevelt arranged a meeting in September 140 with three African-American leaders and members of the Army and Navy. During the meeting, the leaders emphasized three points first, equal opportunity for jobs in the defense industry, second, impartial administration of the new draftlaw, and finally an opportunity for qualified blacks to learn to fly in desegrated units. A few days after the meeting, the War Department issued a policy stating that black men would be generally admitted into the armed force in numbers equivalent to their percentage in the civilian population.It was not until a couple months after the meeting in December 140, that the Army Air Corps submitted a plan for the experiment to establish an all-black fighter squadron.

The plan was made official July 1, 141 when Major General Walter Weaver, commander of the U.S. Army's Southeastern Air Corps spoke at the Tuskegee Institute Campus. It was then that 1 black men became the first black pilot trainees. Most of the trainees were college graduates, including a policeman, an army officer, a factory inspector, and several young men who were fresh out of college.The men of this first squadron were so smart that they established a grade point average never equaled before or after their training.A few miles from the Tuskegee Campus, two air fields were built for the training of the new cadets.About six miles from the fields was the town of Tuskegee. It was very hostile toward blacks, especially its sheriff.The first trainer plane used by the squadron was the PT- 17.It was a biplane with unretractable landing gear. The instructor rode with the cadet during the first practice, whether the trainee knew how to fly or not.Before the cadets could earn their wings, they had to complete three phases of the training.These were the primary, basic and advanced courses.In the primary and basic, the cadets would have ground school classroom courses and flying lessons. In the advanced, the cadets would concentrate on military flying.On September , 141, Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. became the first black man to officially solo an aircraft as an officer of the Army Air Corps.Soon afterward the United States declared war on the Axis powers.It was not until July , 14 that the fourth class of the Tuskegee Institute graduated.The men of this class became the cadets that would fill the th squadron, which became the first black squadron of the Army Air Corps. Joining the pilots in the th were 14 other officers who provided support services and commanded the 5 enlisted men who serviced the planes.In nine months to a year, they had mastered skills the Air Force said should require at least five years.The th then perfected their skills in the P-40, the plane they would fly in combat.After receiving word from their officers, in October 14, the Inspector General of the Third Air Force said the th was in excellent condition and was ready for immediate departure.

Finally on April 1, 14, over a year after the graduation of the first class, word came "moving out."The next day the th climbed aboard a train that would take them to New York where they would board a troop ship.While being at their first camp in Oved, Nija they received their P-40l War Hawks and were joined by white pilots who did not care for the color of their skin. The first missions using these planes were destroying ground targets and escorting bombers.While escorting bombers, they were ordered never to pursue an enemy.But on June , 14, members of the th were escorting a group of 1 bombers. They were attacked by 4 German Me-10's.Eight of the members stayed and escorted the bombers home. The other 4 pursued the Germans and almost lost the th's status as a battle-ready fighter squadron.

The next year in the middle of January, the th moved to Capodichino Airfield, near Naples on the western coast of Italy.There the squadron supported the battle of Anzio.The th was then allowed to attack the Germans and made five kills.Then finally, the th got its action in the war.They arrived in Italy in early February of 144. Their first assignment was to patrol Italy's western coast.Then in late May, the th joined other fighter groups in General Eaker's 15th Air force at Ramitelli. It was not until June , 144, three days after D-day that the th got their first important mission. The mission was to escort B-17 and B-4 bombers to destroy factories in Munich, Germany.As they neared Munich, they were alerted that enemy planes were approaching the bombers from the rear. They were ordered to go get the enemies.They made five kills and had only one loss.The bombers accomplished their mission and told Colonel Davis when they got back to base that their formation flying and escort is the best they had ever seen.In that same month Lieutenant Gwynne Pierson and Captain Wendall Pruitt received the Distinguished Flying Cross for their never before seen kills.They sank two enemy destroyers with only bullets.Some people did not believe them but when the photos from the wing cameras were developed, they had no reason not to believe the two pilots.

The Allies were about to begin a new offensive in southern France, and planned to invade the region on August 15. Now that the war had moved north, the Allies needed southern French ports as entry points for troops and supplies. Assisting in the effort to reduce resistance to Allied invaders, the th escorted bombers sent to attack submarine docks, bridges, airfields, and radar stations.After a few months of duty they were honored in a full dress ceremony with the 15th Air Force band and troops passing in the review, four pilots were presented with the Distinguished Flying Cross. General Davis pinned the medal on his son, honored for his leadership of one of the first bomber escort missions to Munich, during which five enemy planes were shot down.During most of January 145, the thwas kept in by the rain and the snow.The Squadron only flew 11 missions. The weather improved in February which led them tomissions.As the pilots flew around Germany, all they saw was smoke coming from the piles of debris.

But it was not until 148 that President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order. This order eventually ended segregation in the US military.The Tuskegee Airman were and always will be the most influential fighter unit during WWII.They went through much opposition and many ignorant minds to prove that they were just as good if not better then any other fighter unit during the second world war.

Bibliography Bilbiography #1.Mckissack, Patricia and Fredrick Red Tail Angles United StatesWalker Publishing Company, 15. #.Harris, Jacqueline The Tuskegee Airman New Jersey Dillon Press,16. #.Hart Philip S. Fly Free Minneapolis,Minnesota Lerner Publications Company,1. #4.Rose Robert A. Lonely Eagles Los Angelos,CA Tuskegee Airman Inc. #5. "Tuskegee AirmanA Brief History" Tuskegee Airman November 6,1

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