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17th Century - England
- C. long struggle betw. kings and some middle-class
-- unwritten constitution (king had to share some power with some of
Custom Essays on England
subjects)
-- developed constitutional system (framework for others)
- England is different
- unique experience (political, social, economic, religious)
- geography
- individual persons (Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles
II, James I)
English Kings
James I
-was foreign and bad speech
-believed in divine right
-- no cooperation with govt.which was controlled by rising merchant class
(strong)
- Merchants wanted to choose religion
-James liked Anglican Church but only king answers to god according to him
-resisted Puritan call to purify
--Millinary Petition (Puritans) - modest church reforms
--Hamton Court meeting - King James version of Bible emerged
- Gunpowder Plot 1605 - catholics led by Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up
Parliament
-King vs. Parl
-Parliaments Rights (J commands Parl. + adjourned by K.)
-Laws passed by King be vetoed by Parl or not??
-Parliament sent home 1611
-Parliament recalled 1614
-Parliament called + sent away in 164 (funds for Frederick of the
Rhine/Palatine)
-James forced to give in to Parliament -- needed money to fight Spanish
-dies in 165
Results
-kept Eng. out of 0 yr. war
-prosperity + defended Eng. against Pope
-ecouraged exploration, colonization (Settlements in Virginia, Boston Bay,
Bermuda, Newfoundland, India)
-British East India Co. to oppose Dutch
-allowed Parliament priviledges, which he shouldnt have
Charles I
-believed in divine right
-several small wars with Spain
--needed Parl. for funds
-165 Parl. gave him 1/7 amt. req.
-166 Parl. gave him 0
-16 -- K. forced to sign Petition of Right (Habreas Corpus, no martial law
in peacetime, forced loans forbidden, no quartering of soldiers w/o
owners permission)
---Precedent
-later K. sent Parl. away for 11 years
-kept out of 0 yr. war
-needed money
-Ships Money - against Ports+rebuilt navy to strenght
-Bishops Wars - Archbishop Laud
Long Parliament
-recalled Parl. 1640 -- stayed in session for 11 years (Long Parl.)
- new and aggressive parl. (young anti-King leaders)
- K. needed funds to fight Scottish
- Parl. had Earl of Stratford and Archbishop Laud arrested and executed
- Parl. excluded all Bishops from Parl. 164
- Parl. makes law, that Parl. cannot be dissolved w/o consent and must
converse at least 1 everyyears
- Parl. said no taxation w/o their approval
- Parl. redid Petition of Rights
- Parl. established Star Chamber Courts (Kings special courts w/o juries)
Formation of two Parties
-Cavaliers King with Midlands and west, Nobles and peasants, catholics,
Anglicans
-Roundheads Parl. with Port cities (London in front), merchant cities -- led
by Puritans
-- MONEY was with Parl.
Great Remonstrance 1641
- Parl. said that Parl. had right to veto all K.s appointments to imporant
offices in govt. and church
-- K. refused, but Parl. issued Militia Bill (gave Parl. control of
Military)
-- K. tries to arrest 5 leaders of Parl. -- accused of Treason (the 5)
Civil War
-religious with new model army (discipline, no womein in camp, no cursing)
- K. is executed (regicide)
----- CROMWELL becomes Lord Protector
Cromwell
General
- Period known as Interegnum
- Cromwell dissolved Parl. in 165 (end of Long Parl.)
-- wrote new constitution (and only one)
- Cromwell was Head of Executive Council with one-house Parl.
-seperates Kingdom into 11 military districts for better control - under
Major General who used martial law often
Scotland
-Scotland named Charles I. son (Charles II) K. of Scotland
-Cromwell attacks (w/ general George Manck)
-Scottish Parl. dissolved and made part. of England
Ireland - Curse of Cromwell
-Irish didnt like Charles I execution wanted his son Charles to help Ireland
to free itself of the heathen Puritans
-Cromwell attacks and brutally wins
-165 - settlement of war
-land to enemies was confiscated
-.5 million acres of land transferred to English or loyal Irisch for Common
Wealth
-- / of all Irish land passed to English landlords
-1000s of Irish farmers dispossed (many sent off to America)
-by 165 1.5 million irish died (in 1641 600,000)
-catholicism outlawed and priest ordered to leave
-Irish forced to go to Protestant church (otherwise punishment)
-Judges could take child away from Irish Catholic to raise as Protestant in
England
---Irish hated England - Catholicism became part of Irish nationalism and
patriotism
Goverment under Cromwell
-Cro. wanted a Puritan Paradise of the godly
-Cro. executed or deported opposition leaders
-power was with army
-Cro. was intolerant, narrow-minded, biased
-Cro. issued Blue Laws and Blue Sunday (no theatre, sports, singing)
-Cro. made standing army (40,000 men)
-Cro. made alliance with France against Spain
-Cro. made war against Dutch in Commercial Wars in 156
-- Passed Navigation Acts 1561 (trade good for motherland - similar to
mercantilism)
-Peace of Pyrenees 165
-French/Spanish border settled
-Dunkirk given to England
-Jamaica acquired by England thru Admiral William Penn
-English merchants prospered
- Voltaire No one has yet reconcided Christianity w/ govt.
- Plato the seq. of govt. monarchy, aristocracy, democray, dictatorship,
monarchy
-----Restoration 1660 restoration of Eng. throne to House of Stuart +
Charles II Happy King
Charles II - Happy King
-did not want to be bothered by politics too much so appointed Earl of
Clarendon as a special administrator
-govt. becomes more sophisticated+complex
-a new Convention Parliament told Charles II to accept a bill/law (no special
courts,parl. needed to approve new taxes)
-King issued general amnesty toto all Parl.
-- but executed 1 for killing his father, Charles I
-agreed to switch from feudal taxes to permanent grant of custams and excise
taxes
-K. had promised religious freedom, but Parl. restored supremacy of Anglican
Church
-Charles II biggest problem was money - was controlled by Parl.
--wanted to make deal with French if he helped them fight against Dutch he
would get a subsidy - Treaty of Dover 1670
-Opposition party called the Whigs (wanted alternative king or a republic -
internal dispute)
-Kings party called the Tories (direct hereditar succession and divine right)
-Leading Whigs banished or executed
-Charles II dies and is recieved into Catholic church on his death bed
James II - Bye, bye King
-succeeded to throne peacefully
-Catholic king (became K. at age of 51)
--became problem
-James placed catholics in key positions and announced he had a male heir born
-- threat of catholic dynasty in protestant England
-Whigs and Tories united - called upon William of Orange to free country
-William invaded --most of English force deserted and King James II fled into
exile -- END of James II reign
William+Mary
-Glorious Revolution 1688 - William and Mary of Orange invited by Parliament
to take the throne of England
-Mary protestant daugther of James II, William as head of govt. of Dutch
republic
-William took throne of England to oppose Louis XIV more strongly
-had to sign Bill of Rights
-Parl. meets annually
-Parl. controls Kings revenues
-People have right to petition King directly
-Monarch given right to debate w/in Parl.
-Guarantee of reasonable bail and trial by Jury
-K. cannot suspend laws
-Standing army in Peacetime illegal w/o Parl. consent
-NO Roman Catholic could hold or share the throne
-Toleration Act 168 - religious toleration of all religions except
catholicism
-William organized War of the league of Augsburg against Louis XIC
-Bill of Rights, Acto of Toleration, Glorious Law gave Parl.s House of
Commons supremacy over House of Lords
-Ireland still a problem
-168 Irish invited James II and Louis XIV supplied 7000 troops and fleet for
protection
---defeated by Williams army in 160
---Treaty of Limerick 161 - Irish accepted Williams pacification and
catholic equality w/ Anglicans
-Act of Settlement 1701 - created line of succession after W+M
Queen Anne
-Act of Union 1707 - England joins with Scotland
-several big companies and new ideas develop
-Bank of England (first paper money)
-Stock Exchange
-Lloyds Insurance Co.
-War of Spanish Succession
-English won 4 major battles against French with Duke of Marlborough as
Military Officer (using linear tactics)
George I, II
-Germans, who spent almost all their time in Germany and thus left England to
itself, only interested in its money
-Parl. became more powerful due to growth of Cabinet (specialists for finance,
internal affairs, army, navy, etc.) - led by ChiefAdministrator of Prime
Minister the 1st of which was Sir Robert Walpole
George III
???????
Age of Exploration
Causes
-Crusades Europeans learned of new ideas (trade items, technology, etc.)
-European trade to East was blocked by Muslim middlemen in Luvant and
Venetian middlemen in Venice (middlemen increased prices for trade goods)
(Marco Polos books informed Europeans of original prices)
--Europe did not yet have technology for blue water navigation (far out into
the ocean)
-Renaissance new interest in science and prosperity
-Ethnocenturism (Europe is 6% of worlds mass, was +-15% of the population
then, competition/quarreling)
Portugal Taking the Lead
-1st to unify+centralize in early 15th C. (free of muslims)
-Prince Henry School (Think Tank for everybody shipmakers, chartmakers,
designers,...)
-first to go south to Africa (found gold, ivory, slaves, etc.)
-Vasco da Gama first reached India with help of Indian sailor
-Portugese royal family dies -- Spanish take over and old colonies lost
-- Portugese had many important explorers such as (Columbus, Vespucci, etc.)
as well as the Caravel (ship with lateen+square sails)
------Spain wanted its own source of trade goods for more prosperity
Treaty of Tordesillas 144 - Pro-Spanish Pope Alexander VI drew imaginary line
70 leages west of Cape Verde Islands, awarding all to the west toSpain and
all to the east to Portugal. Known as the Papal Line of Demarcation
Why not China?
-China felt that it was superior to everybody else (5,000 years old)
-China felt it did not need anything from Europe or anywhere else, since they
could get everything themselves anyway
-they were a extremely big trade nation in Asia - it did not need to explore
since it already had everything it needed
-had developed pretty far in technology (black powder, etc.)
Colonial Policies of English, Spanish and French
Spanish
-Control crown
-Who went to New World only these approved by crown
-economy copy of the old world (treasure, sugar, etc.)
-society copy of the old world (a few nobles ran everything)
-govt. total control by crown
-Indian policy christianize, intimacy (marriages between Spanish +
Indians after Indians became Catholic)
French
-control crown
-Who went to New World only these approved by crown
-economy copy of the old world (mostly furs)
-society copy of the old world (a few nobles ran everything)
-govt. total control by crown
-Indian policy christianize if possible, otherwise French used Indians to
trap animals for their fur
English
-control Joint Stock Company (J.S.C.) - entrepeneurs
-who went to New World Religious, political, social dissidents
-Economy develop their own farm, fish, plantations in south (tobacco,
rum to trade for slaves)
-society new middle class, independence
-govt. Ea. colony separate, independent, self-ruled
-Indian Policy Push Indians out of the way, kill if necessary - little
positive contact
--- Both Spain and France used the Mercantile system colonies exist for good
of motherland (all trade is done with own ships and colonies)
What Western Europe got from the New World of the Americas
-Trade goods (tobacco, furs, rum, cane sugar, chocolate, squash, coffee, and
so on)
-coffe houses (became central point of talking politics and new ideas) -
social effect
-England prospered through tobacco industry, France through furs, Spain
through gold (stolen from Incas, Aztecs, etc.) - Economical effect
-New World was place for religiously persecuted people, or just for a new
religious settlement - religious effect
-New World became place of independence and individual freedom - political
effect
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