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When considering the fathers of modern chemistry, we must never forget to include Jons Jakob Berzelius. A disciple of John Dalton, he developed the concepts of the ion and ionic compounds, and helped bring about the rejection of Avogadro's hypothesis. Thus, after Lavoisier, Berzelius must be considered the father of chemistry. However, things weren't always so good for the man with an extraordinary mind. Berzelius was born in Sorgard, Sweden in 177 as the son of two well-educated parents. Despite this background, his childhood was very difficult and unhappy. His father, who was a teacher, died when he was just four years old, prompting his mother to remarry. In just two years, she fell victim to pneumonia and died as well. Traveling from family to family, he eventually was sent away to school in Linkoping, where he supported himself by tutoring the other children. He had the extraordinary ability to learn languages and soon he became proficient in both German and French. Perhaps it was this command of languages which led him to try to simplify chemical formulas and symbols. He began his medical studies at the age of seventeen at the University of Uppsala, but was forced to withdraw when his scholarship was revoked. However, in this brief time period he learned a great deal of chemistry from A.G. Eckberg, the discoverer of titanium. His uncle found him an apprenticeship to a pharmacist at Medivi springs and it was here where he learned the quantitative techniques that would be the foundation for his later work. He resumed his medical studies and earned his PhD.His thesis for his degree focused on galvano therapy, which is the effect of electric shock on patients with various diseases. He was made professor at the Medical College of Stockholm and a year later he began his long association with the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was now ready to explore chemistry for all it was worth.
In preparing a textbook for his medical students, Berzelius began a series of experiments for which he became most famousthose definitively establishing that the elements in inorganic substances are bound together in definite proportions of weight. This became the law of constant proportions. His interest in compounds led to his discovery of a number of new elements, including cerium, selenium, silicon, and thorium. Students working in his laboratories also discovered lithium, vanadium, and several rare earth elements. Berzelius developed a yearly review of chemical progress from 181-1848. To give his students the information that he felt was most correct, he published a textbook that went through several revisions, as new materials and theories developed. As contemporary Humphry Davy said, "He was driven by minute investigations of chemical properties and with that, the development of the atomic doctrine he looked upon as his life task. Sometimes driven men are unhappy men. Not so Jons. The joy that he found in his work can be seen in the quality of his experimentation and most definitely in his teaching. His personal interactions with his students was extraordinary." Berzelius even succeeded in introducing chemistry, physics, and natural history into the high school curriculum, a thought unheard of in his day. His meticulous analysis led him to publish several tables of atomic weights. His work place was so simple, it is absolutely astonishing his values for atomic weights were incredible accurate even to this day. He established himself as the master of chemistry through his simplification of the science. Dealing with so many elements in so many compounds motivated his creation of a simple and logical system of symbols that is basically the same as the system we use today. He took this a step further into mineralogy, where he classified minerals by their chemical composition rather than by their crystalline type, as had previously been done. Berzelius also coined a few terms in the field of chemistry including allotropy, isomerism, and protein catalyst. He worked with Humphy Davy on the "dualism" electrochemical theory. Because compounds were decomposed by an electrical current and released elements were formed at the poles in an electrolytic cell, he assumed that atoms were charges and chemical combination resulted from the mutual neutralization of opposite charges. He did indeed reshape the field of chemistry in so many ways.
Of Berzelius' accomplishments, I find his discovery of new elements to be the most intriguing. Selenium and silicon are particularly important in today's world. Berzelius discovered selenium in 1817 in connection with his studies of sulfuric acid. For years selenium's toxicity has been known, but only recently have we become aware that it may have a positive effect on human health. Studies have shown that trace amounts of selenium in the diet may protect people from heart disease and cancer. One study based on data from twenty-seven countries showed an inverse relationship between the cancer death rate and the selenium content of soil in a particular region. Another study shows an inverse relationship between the selenium content of the blood and the incidence of breast cancer in women. Selenium is also found in the heart muscle and may play an important role in proper heart function. Because of these and other studies, selenium's reputation has improved, and studies are booming in correlation to its function in the human body. Furthermore, silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust, exceeded only by oxygen. A compound of the two bonded make up most of the earth's sand, rock, and soil. Berzelius prepared silicon in its pure form in 184 by heating silicon tetrafluoride with potassium metal. Today, silicon forms the basis for the modern microelectronics industry centered near San Francisco in a place that has come to be known as "Silicon Valley." The technology of the silicon chip with its printed circuits has transformed computers from roon sized monsters with thousands of unreliable vacuum tubes to desktop and notebook sized units with trouble-free "solid state" circuitry. Thus, Jons Jakob Berzelius was one of the dominant figures in chemistry during the first half of the 1th century. He was probably one of the greatest, if not the greatest, experimental chemist of his generation. His textbook, his system of chemical symbols, his dualistic electrochemical theory, his yearly review of chemical progress, and his compilation of the first reasonably accurate atomic weight table made him the ultimate chemical authority of his times.
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