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In Turning South Again, Houston Baker is taking a stab at explaining the painful truths of American racism. The author argues that the American South and its regulating institutions have always been at the center of the African American experience. He draws parallels between the strictures on black mobility of the old plantation system and a current prison-industrial complex. He uses his own experience of growing up in Louisville to analyze the place of blacks in American society. The first half of the book deals with modernism's performative masquerade in the persona of Booker T, Washington, the Tuskegee Institute and the black south mobility.The second half of the book deals with plantations, ships and black modernism.
The controlling purpose or thesis of the book is to examine the author's own memories, the "ineradicable dilemmas of black modernism, and the protocols of black male subject formation."The author identifies the South as the primary moving force in the history of the African American experience.It is his desire to "comb archives, annals, mythicohistorical lines of black southern past that is, in very profound and undeniable ways, the past of the Americas.""As Malcom X has averred, 'Mississippi' was anywhere in the United States south of the Canadian border."The author is calling for new southern studies and new American cultural studies.Drawing on the history of Booker T. Washington, the Tuskegee Institute, and his own memories growing up as a young black man in the segregated South, Houston Baker reconsiders the meanings, limitations, and the potential of a black modernism. Bakers revisionist understanding of Washington and the practice of his own scholarship are attempts to liberate black modernism and establish an achieved modernism, facilitating a black public sphere assembly and exchange capable of producing focused speaking and life-enhancing change for the black majority.In order to do this, Baker also suggests, discussions about U.S. history and history should place greater emphasis on the South. By including a section about growing up in the South, Baker contributes further to the theme of centralizing the South in American cultural studies and countering the effects of mulatto modernism on black modernism.
In Turning South Again, the chapter are set up to reflect the various sub-themesthe regulating institutions, the alteration of the author's interpretation of Booker T. Washington, the folly of Tuskegee Institute. The book explains that the African-American, the male in particular, is being hunted down and boxed in by the "Blue Men", the police and government.Baker argues that from the holds of slave ships to the peonage of Reconstruction to the contemporary prison system, incarceration has largely defined black life in the United States. The modern white apologist are apologetic about the millions of African American bodies displaced and disappeared by Euro-American consumer revolution and transatlantic trade while they continue to incarcerate black males by the hundreds of thousands.
Washingtons school at Tuskegee, Baker explains, housed and regulated black bodies no longer directly controlled by slave-owners.Houston derides Washingtons very choice of location for Tuskegee Institute--on an abandoned plantation--as well as his emphasis on servile occupations or vocations from which blacks were excluded, and his general policy of not offending whites.As a black southerner, Booker T. Washington wanted the black masses to be rid of all ideas of education that produce high hated black urban dandies infected by politics, preaching, and the fast cosmopolitan life of modern cites.Washington wanted to provide an educational instruction that would bring the black body under control.This amounted to a zealous aestheticization of slavery. The title bestowed in Washington and his institution is "Master of the Tuskegee Plantation."Washington, literally and publicly, worked within the framing mind of the South to produce not a utopia of black modernism at Tuskegee but a retrograde and imperialist plantation.
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In Turning Back South, an additional sub theme is the contention that Washingtons emphasis on racial uplift through training skills not education created a mulatto modernism that compromised black attempts at full citizenship and modernity. It is through stories, folklore, literature, and conversation that African Americans resist racism and create their own subjectivity.Had Washington dedicated himself to black mass-mobilization toward citizenship and taught the black majority of the country districts how to "dress for success", southern Black America might well have been on its way to an empowering modernity?Tuskegee's anachronism also included Washington philosophy of the black majority's relationship to mobility, civil society, and citizenship right.This mulatto modernism labored to keep blackness out of the public eye, polling places, and sites of assembly.Washington argued for a black peasant southern plantation economics that would forestall rather than foster mobility of the black-South body beyond or out of abjection.
One of the strengths of Turning South is the methodology of the book. The author uses autobiographical prose, literary criticism, and psychoanalytic writing to give a scathing and insightful essay on race issues that lyrically and evocatively explores the painful truths of American racism.The book is organized well and Houston writes particularly well about the South but he emphasizes that the lessons he teaches apply throughout the United States.I found Houston somewhat stimulating and captivating, the more I read, the more I got into what I was reading. He has a unique way of getting the message across in a way that will interest the reader and make him want to go on. The intended readers are black America and it is appropriately designed for such an audience.The citations from or other types of evidence were sufficient to support the authors position.The writer's background has a definite influence on his approach to analyzing the evidence. The author is successful in convincing the reader that Washington and his institute created a mulatto modernism that black-South body did not overcome until the revolutionary operations of the civil rights and black power movements of the 150s and 160s. He demonstrates, in addition to clear analysis, a capacity for a well-constructed and presentable historical argument of the damage of Booker T. Washington on black modernism.The book does successfully argue the consequences of mulatto modernism for black modernism.
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